# Integration of elemental imaging and spatial transcriptomic profiling for proof-of-concept metals-based pathway analysis of colon tumor microenvironment

## TL;DR

This study shows how combining metal imaging with gene data can reveal new insights into how metals influence tumor growth and biological pathways in colon cancer.

## Contribution

A novel spatial multimodal workflow integrating elemental imaging and spatial transcriptomics to explore metal-gene interactions in the tumor microenvironment.

## Key findings

- Elevated iron correlates with mesenchymal phenotypes and EMT-related gene expression at the tumor’s proliferative front.
- High copper concentrations in active tumor growth regions correlate with increased immune response gene expression.
- The workflow demonstrates feasibility for identifying metals-based gene correlates in the tumor microenvironment.

## Abstract

The complex interplay between metal abundance, transport mechanisms, cell distribution, and tumor progression-related biological pathways (e.g. metabolism, collagen remodeling) remains poorly understood. Traditionally, genes and metals have been studied in isolation, limiting insights into their interactions. Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics and elemental profiling now enable comprehensive exploration of tissue-wide metal-gene interactions, though integration remains challenging. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated metal-dependent signaling within the tumor microenvironment of a unique colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor. We implemented a spatial multimodal workflow which integrated elemental imaging, gene expression, cellular composition, and histopathological features to uncover metals-related pathways through spatially resolved gene expression correlation analyses. Preliminary findings revealed significant associations, for instance: elevated iron correlated with mesenchymal phenotypes located at the tumor’s proliferative front, correlating with expression of genes involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition pathways, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Preliminary observations from this single sample revealed that high copper concentrations were localized to regions of active tumor growth and were associated with increased expression of immune response genes. This proof-of-concept workflow demonstrates the feasibility of integrating elemental imaging with spatial transcriptomics to identify metals-based gene correlates. Future application of this workflow to larger patient cohorts will pave the way for expansive comparisons across the metallome and transcriptome, ultimately identifying novel targets for tumor progression biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.

Graphical Abstract