# Stockholm Paradigm in the Study of Influenza H1N1 Viruses: A New Approach to the Study of Zoonotic Risk Coupling Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Multi-Locus Phylogenies

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new approach using the Stockholm Paradigm to study how Influenza H1N1 viruses evolve and pose zoonotic risks to humans.

## Contribution

The study expands the Stockholm Paradigm to virus-host interactions and applies data science techniques to assess zoonotic risk in H1N1 strains.

## Key findings

- The Stockholm Paradigm was adapted to analyze Influenza A H1N1 strains' traits related to zoonotic risk.
- Different H1N1 strains were ranked based on their potential to emerge in human populations.
- The approach combines multiple correspondence analysis and multi-locus phylogenies to assess evolutionary traits.

## Abstract

The Stockholm Paradigm, a multilevel framework for studying coevolutionary interactions, it is a promising method for obtaining a globally relevant understanding of the emergence of present and past host–parasite and insect–plant interactions. This research aimed to expand the application of the Paradigm to virus–host interactions, considering that viruses are being subjected to the same evolutionary forces as any other living organism. By applying different data science techniques, we described and discussed capacity and opportunity traits for Influenza A H1N1 strains, and how they might influence the pathogen’s host repertoire evolution, and thus ranked different strains according to their emergence risk in the human population. We hope to contribute to the application of different methods for understanding disease emergence, and consequently to the development of new public health strategies for preventing (re)emerging diseases.