# Optimizing Helmet Use Detection in Construction Sites via Fuzzy Logic-Based State Tracking

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new system for detecting and tracking helmet use on construction sites using advanced AI techniques to improve safety monitoring.

## Contribution

A novel two-stage framework combining SACA-enhanced YOLOv5 and fuzzy-logic-based DeepSORT for robust helmet tracking in complex environments.

## Key findings

- The SACA-enhanced detector achieved a mAP@0.5 of 0.940, outperforming YOLOv8 and YOLOv9.
- The tracker achieved a MOTA of 90.5% and IDF1 of 84.2% with minimal identity switches.
- Temporal consistency rules reduced missed detections and identity fragmentation under challenging conditions.

## Abstract

Automated safety monitoring on construction sites requires precise helmet-status detection and robust multi-object tracking in long, occlusion-rich video sequences. This study proposes a two-stage framework: (i) a YOLOv5 model enhanced with self-adaptive coordinate attention (SACA), which incorporates coordinate-aware contextual information and reweights spatial–channel responses to emphasize head-region cues—SACA modules are integrated into the backbone to improve small-object discrimination while maintaining computational efficiency; and (ii) a DeepSORT tracker equipped with fuzzy-logic gating and temporally consistent update rules that fuse short-term historical information to stabilize trajectories and suppress identity fragmentation. On challenging real-world video footage, the proposed detector achieved a mAP@0.5 of 0.940, surpassing YOLOv8 (0.919) and YOLOv9 (0.924). The tracker attained a MOTA of 90.5% and an IDF1 of 84.2%, with only five identity switches, outperforming YOLOv8 + StrongSORT (85.2%, 80.3%, 12) and YOLOv9 + BoT-SORT (88.1%, 83.0%, 10). Ablation experiments attribute the detection gains primarily to SACA and demonstrate that the temporal consistency rules effectively bridge short-term dropouts, reducing missed detections and identity fragmentation under severe occlusion, varied illumination, and camera motion. The proposed system thus provides accurate, low-switch helmet monitoring suitable for real-time deployment in complex construction environments.