# Experimental Study on Instability of Shotcrete Reinforced Slope Based on Embedded Anchor Sensor

## TL;DR

This study improves slope collapse monitoring by using embedded sensors to detect early signs of instability in rock and soil.

## Contribution

The novel use of embedded anchor sensors to monitor deep slope deformation and compare reinforcement methods.

## Key findings

- Embedded anchor sensors improved early warning of slope collapse by monitoring deep rock stress-strain.
- GFRP anchors showed higher sensitivity to small displacements compared to spiral steel anchors.
- Shotcrete reinforcement changed deformation patterns and delayed slope instability through hysteresis.

## Abstract

Given the limitation of existing slope collapse monitoring technology, which relies on surface sensors, and the difficulty in capturing the precursors of deep rock and soil instability, this study used rock anchor embedded sensing technology to conduct collapse tests on artificial simulated slopes. Two groups of control conditions were designed: (1) shotcrete reinforced slope and natural slope; and (2) GFRP anchor and spiral steel anchor support system. The deformation characteristics of the slope at the initial stage of collapse were analyzed. The results show that the monitoring method based on the stress–strain response of deep rock mass significantly improved the early warning effect. GFRP anchor had a lower elastic modulus and responded more sensitively to small displacements than spiral steel anchor. Shotcrete reinforcement transformed slope deformation from ‘local dispersed deformation’ to ‘overall coordinated deformation’ and delayed slope instability via the ‘deformation hysteresis effect’. This study provides key technical parameters for the intelligent monitoring system of high-risk slopes as well as support for pre-disaster emergency evacuation decision-making and the establishment of intelligent early warning systems.