# AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Microorganisms in South American Hospitals: A Meta-Regression Analysis, Meta-Analysis, and Review of Prevalence

## TL;DR

This study reviews the prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria in South American hospitals and finds significant variation across species and study types.

## Contribution

The study provides a comprehensive meta-analysis of AmpC β-lactamase prevalence in South American hospitals, identifying key factors influencing detection rates.

## Key findings

- AmpC β-lactamases were detected in 11.7% of isolates across 48,801 samples.
- Enterobacter species had the highest AmpC prevalence (~46%), while Escherichia spp. had the lowest (~4.5%).
- Meta-regression showed higher prevalence in single-genus studies and lower prevalence in studies including pediatric patients.

## Abstract

AmpC β-lactamases are class C enzymes that hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and monobactams. The WHO recently classified third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales as critical pathogens. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate AmpC prevalence in hospital isolates across South America. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We included 69 observational studies that phenotypically or genotypically identified AmpC producers. A random-effects generalized linear mixed model with logit transformation estimated pooled prevalence; heterogeneity and moderators were explored through subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Seventy studies, including 48,801 isolates, were eligible. AmpC β-lactamases were detected in 11.7% of isolates (95% CI 11.4–12.0), with extreme heterogeneity (I2 ≈ 97%). Enterobacter species showed the highest prevalence (~46%), whereas Escherichia spp. had the lowest (~4.5%) prevalence of AmpC positivity within each genus. Meta-regression indicated that studies focusing on a single genus reported higher prevalence and that including pediatric patients was associated with a lower prevalence of AmpC-positive microorganisms among isolates. Quality of evidence was rated low due to inconsistency, moderate risk of bias, and indirectness of data. AmpC producers are entrenched in South American hospitals, and species-aware surveillance and harmonized detection are critical to guide empiric therapy and antimicrobial stewardship.