# Beyond Bees: Evidence of Bird Visitation and Putative Pollination in the Golden Lotus (Musella lasiocarpa)—One of the Six Buddhist Flowers—Through Field Surveys and Citizen Science

## TL;DR

This study shows that birds, not just bees, visit and likely pollinate the Golden Lotus flower, changing our understanding of its pollination ecology.

## Contribution

The first evidence of bird visitation and putative pollination in the Golden Lotus (Musella lasiocarpa), challenging prior assumptions of bee pollination.

## Key findings

- Twelve bird species from five families were observed visiting M. lasiocarpa flowers.
- Floral traits of M. lasiocarpa align with adaptations for bird pollination.
- The study expands the known pollinator spectrum for the species.

## Abstract

Vertebrate pollination is widespread in Musaceae, with birds and bats serving as the main pollen vectors across the family. While these systems are typically well defined, the Golden Lotus (Musella lasiocarpa) has long been regarded as an exception, presumed to rely on insect, particularly bee, pollination. In this study, we challenge that assumption by providing the first comprehensive evidence of bird visitation and putative pollination in M. lasiocarpa. Through field surveys complemented by citizen science observations, we documented an unexpectedly rich assemblage of avian visitors: twelve bird species from five families regularly foraged at flowers and likely acted as pollinators. This represents a striking expansion of the known potential pollinator spectrum for the species and highlights a previously overlooked dimension of its reproductive ecology. The floral traits of M. lasiocarpa, including vivid bracts, accessible nectar, and extended flowering, align closely with adaptations to bird pollination. Beyond clarifying the natural history of the Golden Lotus, our findings reveal broader insights into the ecological and cultural significance of bird pollination in the Chinese flora, with implications for both biodiversity conservation and horticultural practices.