# Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire for the Portuguese Context: A Methodological Study

## TL;DR

This study translated and validated a questionnaire to assess authentic leadership in nursing for the Portuguese context, ensuring it is reliable and culturally appropriate.

## Contribution

The study provides a validated Portuguese version of the Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire with strong psychometric properties.

## Key findings

- The questionnaire has 29 items grouped into three dimensions explaining 68.3% of the total variance.
- The instrument demonstrated high internal consistency with a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.97.

## Abstract

Background: Authentic leadership is characterized by the authenticity and self-awareness of the leader, who acts with transparency and promotes positive outcomes in clinical practice and team management. In Portugal, there isn’t a tool available to assess nurses’ perceptions of authentic leadership in nursing. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire (ANLQ) for the Portuguese context and to evaluate its psychometric properties. This instrument assesses nurses’ perceptions of the authentic leadership exercised by their leader. Methods: A methodological, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process followed the recommendations of internationally recognized guidelines. The Authentic Nurse Leadership Scale—Portuguese version (ANLS-PT) was administered to a sample of 406 nurses from various functional units in three primary healthcare centers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used. Reliability was established through a test–retest administration to 22 nurses at two different times, with a two-week interval. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha. Results: An instrument with 29 items and 3 dimensions was obtained, explaining 68.3% of the total variance. The identified dimensions were Caring and Decision-Making, Self-Awareness, and Relational Integrity and Ethics. The overall instrument showed an internal consistency of 0.97. Conclusions: The ANLS-PT proved to be a valid, reliable, and robust tool for assessing authentic leadership in the Portuguese cultural context and can be used in various nursing practice contexts.