# Synergistic Remediation of Eutrophic Rural Pond Water Using Submerged Macrophytes and Daphnia magna

## TL;DR

A new method combining aquatic plants and Daphnia magna improves water quality in eutrophic rural ponds by boosting oxygen and reducing nutrients and harmful algae.

## Contribution

A novel bioremediation approach combining submerged macrophytes and Daphnia magna for eutrophic pond restoration is proposed and tested.

## Key findings

- Combined treatments improved water transparency by up to 63.6% and increased dissolved oxygen levels.
- Low-density D. magna + M. aquaticum reduced TN, TP, and NO3−-N by 56.1%, 63.2%, and 58.7%, respectively.
- Low-density D. magna reduced phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, chlorophyll-a, and microcystins by 74.8%, 80.3%, 68.9%, and 71.2%.

## Abstract

Eutrophication in rural ponds has become a widespread environmental concern, particularly in regions affected by agricultural irrigation. This study proposes an innovative Submerged Macrophytes–Daphnia magna combined remediation technology, aiming to synergistically improve water quality in naturally eutrophic ponds. Experimental water was sourced from rural ponds with preserved natural phytoplankton and bacterial communities. Treatments included low- and high-density D. magna, two submerged macrophyte species (Myriophyllum aquaticum and Ceratophyllum demersum), and their combinations. Results showed that combined treatments had no significant effect on pH but improved water transparency by up to 63.6% and significantly increased dissolved oxygen. Nutrient removal was notably enhanced in combined groups, with low-density D. magna + M. aquaticum achieving TN, TP, and NO3−-N reductions of 56.1%, 63.2%, and 58.7%, respectively. Both macrophytes effectively mitigated NH4+-N accumulation caused by D. magna, with M. aquaticum showing stronger inhibition. Furthermore, low-density D. magna reduced phytoplankton density, cyanobacteria density, chlorophyll-a, and microcystins by 74.8%, 80.3%, 68.9%, and 71.2%, respectively. This combined bioremediation approach demonstrates high ecological efficiency, scalability potential, and practical applicability for rural pond restoration.