# Resource limitation during larval growth leads to higher flight propensity in adult beetles

## TL;DR

Smaller beetles that grew up with limited resources are more likely to fly, showing a link between larval conditions and adult behavior.

## Contribution

The study reveals a behavioral-physiological link between larval resource limitation and adult dispersal potential in beetles.

## Key findings

- Smaller beetles showed higher metabolic and behavioral activity than larger ones.
- Flight propensity in smaller beetles suggests a stronger innate drive to disperse.
- Environmental conditions during larval growth influence adult dispersal potential.

## Abstract

The mango stem borer Batocera rufomaculata is a large beetle (Cerambycidae) exhibiting a high intra-specific variation in adult body size because of differing environmental conditions during larval growth. Previous studies revealed that smaller individuals can fly longer distances than larger ones before reaching exhaustion, a surprising fact considering that the cost of transport is expected to increase with decreased body size. We tested the flight propensity and metabolic rhythms of these beetles as a function of sex and body size. The intrinsic flight-initiating behaviour and the daily fluctuations in metabolic rate (MR) were measured over 48 h in closed arenas and in metabolic chambers, respectively. Beetles displayed a strong circadian pattern of nocturnal activity in both locomotion and MR. Smaller conspecifics were significantly more active both metabolically and behaviourally than larger ones with sex having no effect on the size-related difference. The results suggest a stronger innate drive to disperse by flight in smaller conspecifics, providing a behavioural–physiological link between environmental conditions during the larval growth period and the dispersal potential of the adults.