# Gas–Water Two-Phase Flow Mechanisms in Deep Tight Gas Reservoirs: Insights from Nanofluidics

## TL;DR

This study uses nanofluidic models to visualize and understand gas-water flow in deep tight gas reservoirs under high temperature and pressure.

## Contribution

A novel HT/HP nanofluidic platform was developed to directly visualize and quantify gas-water flow mechanisms in multiscale porous media.

## Key findings

- Spontaneous imbibition follows a three-stage process influenced by capillarity, gas compression, and pore-scale heterogeneity.
- Nanoscale throats and microscale pores allow rapid imbibition with minimal resistance, while fractures enhance water locking and gas-water equilibrium.
- At higher pressure gradients, water is efficiently expelled via nanoscale throat networks.

## Abstract

Understanding gas–water two-phase flow mechanisms in deep tight gas reservoirs is critical for improving production performance and mitigating water invasion. However, the effects of pore-throat-fracture multiscale structures on gas–water flow remain inadequately understood, particularly under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions (HT/HP). In this study, we developed visualizable multiscale throat-pore and throat-pore-fracture physical nanofluidic chip models (feature sizes 500 nm–100 μm) parameterized with Keshen block geological data in the Tarim Basin. We then established an HT/HP nanofluidic platform (rated to 240 °C, 120 MPa; operated at 100 °C, 100 MPa) and, using optical microscopy, directly visualized spontaneous water imbibition and gas–water displacement in the throat-pore and throat-pore-fracture nanofluidic chips and quantified fluid saturation, front velocity, and threshold pressure gradients. The results revealed that the spontaneous imbibition process follows a three-stage evolution controlled by capillarity, gas compression, and pore-scale heterogeneity. Nanoscale throats and microscale pores exhibit good connectivity, facilitating rapid imbibition without significant scale-induced resistance. In contrast, 100 μm fractures create preferential flow paths, leading to enhanced micro-scale water locking and faster gas–water equilibrium. The matrix gas displacement threshold gradient remains below 0.3 MPa/cm, with the cross-scale Jamin effect—rather than capillarity—dominating displacement resistance. At higher pressure gradients (~1 MPa/cm), water is efficiently expelled to low saturations via nanoscale throat networks. This work provides an experimental platform for visualizing gas–water flow in multiscale porous media under ultra-high temperature and pressure conditions and offers mechanistic insights to guide gas injection strategies and water management in deep tight gas reservoirs.