# The Phytohormone Signaling Pathway and Immunity Responses to BYDV Infection in Resistant and Susceptible Oat Cultivars

## TL;DR

This study compares how resistant and susceptible oat varieties respond to a virus infection, revealing key immune and hormone signaling differences.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific phytohormone and immunity pathways involved in oat resistance to BYDV through transcriptomic and physiological analysis.

## Key findings

- Resistant oat cultivar MN10253 showed stronger activation of immunity pathways and higher salicylic acid levels compared to the susceptible Qingyin 1.
- Susceptible cultivar Qingyin 1 exhibited elevated auxin and abscisic acid levels, which correlated with suppressed defense responses.
- Transcriptomic analysis revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes linked to plant-pathogen interactions and hormone signaling in both cultivars.

## Abstract

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a vital cereal and feed crop grown worldwide, but its production is increasingly threatened by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and aphid infestations in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in northern China. This study explores the transcriptomic and physiological responses of two oat cultivars MN10253 (resistant) and Qingyin 1 (susceptible) to BYDV at 0, 2, 8, 24, and 48 h post-infection. A combination of phytohormone profiling, differential gene expression analysis, and pathway enrichment was employed to identify mechanisms underpinning disease resistance. Comparative time-course transcriptome analysis revealed 9285 and 8904 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MN10253 and Qingyin 1, respectively. Key pathways such as MAPK signaling, plant–pathogen interaction, and hormone signal transduction were significantly enriched. The resistant cultivar exhibited robust activation of pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity pathways, marked by upregulation of genes like RPS2, HSP90, and WRKY33, alongside higher expression of salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes, such as NPR1 and PAL. Conversely, the susceptible cultivar displayed weaker or delayed activation of these defense pathways. Hormonal analysis further demonstrated higher SA accumulation in MN10253 during early infection, correlating with enhanced defense responses. In contrast, Qingyin 1 showed elevated levels of auxin and abscisic acid, which are linked to suppressed immunity. This study underscores the central role of immunity responses and phytohormone pathways in mediating oat resistance to BYDV, highlighting the tradeoff between growth and defense modulated by hormonal crosstalk. These findings advance our understanding of host–pathogen dynamics in oats and provide valuable insights for breeding disease-resistant cultivars.