# Identification and Functions of lncRNAs in Fungi

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the identification and regulatory roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in fungi, highlighting their increasing importance in gene regulation.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of lncRNA studies in fungi, emphasizing recent discoveries and their regulatory mechanisms.

## Key findings

- lncRNAs in fungi are more prevalent than initially expected and are involved in gene regulation.
- lncRNAs can regulate genes through cis and trans mechanisms, including transcriptional interference and epigenetic modifications.

## Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts generated by polymerase II, therefore subject to 5′ capping and 3′ polyadenylation, categorized as such when they are at least 200 nt in size and lack coding function. The lncRNAs were initially interpreted as spurious transcription products, but over the last two decades an increasing amount of evidence has accumulated for regulatory functions. They are found in all taxonomic groups, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, animals and plants. In fungi, global analyses anticipate their presence in higher numbers than initially expected considering the simplicity of these organisms. Except for the numerous studies performed in budding and fission yeast, relatively few lncRNAs have been investigated in sufficient detail in the rest of the fungi, but their number has increased steadily in recent years. The lncRNAs can be transcribed from intergenic regions or coincide totally or partially with protein-coding genes, in which case they are most frequently antisense transcripts. Their regulatory functions can be performed by a wide variety of mechanisms, both in cis on neighboring genes and in trans on distant genes or on proteins. Among the most frequent mechanisms are interference on the transcription of neighboring genes and generation of epigenetic modifications in the environment of target genes. Here, we review the most representative cases of global analyses of the presence of lncRNAs in fungal transcriptomes and describe the lncRNAs that have received more detailed attention.