# The Burden of Diabetic Gangrene: Prognostic Determinants of Limb Amputation from a Tertiary Center

## TL;DR

This study examines factors that predict whether diabetic patients will need minor or major limb amputations due to foot gangrene.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific clinical predictors, such as age, sex, and disease severity, for major amputation in diabetic gangrene patients.

## Key findings

- Major amputations were more common in older patients and females.
- Peripheral arterial disease and lesion extension strongly predicted major amputations.
- Anemia and leukocytosis were independent predictors of major amputation.

## Abstract

Background and Objectives: Diabetic foot gangrene remains a major cause of lower limb amputation, driven by vascular, neuropathic, and infectious mechanisms. Identifying predictors for amputation type is essential to optimizing outcomes and reducing disability. We aimed to analyze the burden of diabetic foot gangrene and the patients’ characteristics according to the type of surgery, minor or major amputations. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study including 295 diabetic patients who underwent surgery for foot lesions at a Romanian tertiary center (January 2023–December 2024). Patients were classified according to surgical outcome as minor (toe/foot-level) or major (below/above-knee) amputations. Clinical, demographic, and pathological variables were compared between groups. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables as mean ± SD or median (min–max). Group comparisons used Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U, Chi-square, or Fisher’s exact test, and binary logistic regression was applied to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among the patients included (mean age 64.8 ± 10.8 years; 69.2% male), 191 (64.7%) underwent minor amputations/debridement and 104 (35.3%) required major amputations. Patients with major amputations were older (66.8 ± 11.3 vs. 63.7 ± 10.4 years, p = 0.012) and less frequently male (56.7% vs. 75.9%, p = 0.001). Lesion extension to the foot or beyond strongly predicted major amputation (p < 0.001). Peripheral arterial disease was more prevalent in the major group (85.6% vs. 65.4%, OR = 3.13, 95% CI = 1.68–5.84), while neuropathy was associated with minor procedures (12.6% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.015). Anemia (70.2% vs. 56.5%, p = 0.021) and leukocytosis (68.3% vs. 49.2%, p = 0.002) were also independent predictors of major amputation. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for early detection, coordinated multidisciplinary care, and personalized assessment of diabetes burden and its complications to minimize the risk of major limb amputation.