# Stereoisomeric Effects of Diammoniumcyclohexane Counterions on the Self-Assembly of Amino Acid-Based Surfactants

## TL;DR

This study explores how the stereochemistry of DACH counterions affects the self-assembly of amino acid-based surfactants, revealing that counterion structure can significantly influence surfactant performance.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is the discovery that trans-1,3-DACH increases CMC due to electrostatic bridging, offering a new strategy for surfactant design.

## Key findings

- Trans-1,3-DACH leads to consistently higher CMCs due to electrostatic bridging at the micelle interface.
- Cis-isomers form slightly larger micelles, while trans-1,4-DACH causes abnormal aggregation and gel formation in undecanoyl-glycine.
- Counterion structure significantly influences AABS behavior, supporting counterion design for improved surfactant performance.

## Abstract

The impact of counterion structure, especially variations in constitutional and stereochemical isomers, on the properties and performance of AABSs remains under-explored. This study investigates how structural variations, particularly the stereochemistry of diammonium cyclohexane (DACH) counterions, influence the self-assembly behavior of AABSs. Four AABSs: undecanoyl-glycine, -L-alanine, -L-valine, and -L-leucine, were paired with six DACH counterions representing cis/trans isomers of 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-DACH. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) were determined via conductimetry, and micellar sizes were measured using dynamic light scattering. The degree of counterion binding (β) was calculated to probe micelle stability, while geometry-optimized structures of the DACH isomers were obtained using density functional theory. Lastly, pH measurements were taken to probe the protonation of DACH counterions at their natural pH, where both the DACH counterion and AABS headgroups intrinsically behave as buffers. Results indicate that while surfactant hydrophobicity primarily dictates CMC in other AABS/DACH combinations, trans-1,3-DACH leads to consistently higher CMCs. This deviation likely arises from its structural conformation, which positions the amine groups an intermediate distance of ~4.4–4.5 Å apart, allowing a small fraction of divalently charged counterions to form strong electrostatic bridging pockets at the micelle interface. These interactions dominate over headgroup effects, leading to elevated and surfactant-independent CMC values. Regarding size and other unusual trends in the systems, cis- isomers formed slightly larger micelles, and trans-1,4-DACH induces abnormal aggregation in undecanoyl-glycine leading to temperature dependent gel formation. These findings highlight the significant influence of counterion structure on AABS behavior and support counterion design as a strategy for enhancing surfactant performance in sustainable applications.