# Impact of Mg Doping on Structural, Morphological and Thermoelectric Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles: A Combined Experimental-Theoretical Investigation

## TL;DR

This paper studies how adding magnesium to tin dioxide nanoparticles improves their thermoelectric properties, which could help in energy-efficient devices.

## Contribution

The study experimentally and theoretically demonstrates enhanced thermoelectric performance in Mg-doped SnO2 nanoparticles.

## Key findings

- Mg doping increases the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of SnO2 nanoparticles.
- The 0.15% Mg-doped sample shows the highest power factor at 150 K.
- Structural analysis confirms a tetragonal rutile-type structure with reduced crystalline size upon doping.

## Abstract

Recent advances in nanotechnology, including the development of nanoparticles, thin films, and superlattices, have revitalized research in thermoelectricity by enabling independent control of thermal and electrical transport, overcoming longstanding efficiency limitations and expanding opportunities for sustainable energy generation and miniaturized device applications. Tin dioxide (SnO2) has recently attracted increasing attention as a thermoelectric material owing to its properties, such as high-temperature chemical and structural stability, non-toxicity, and the abundance of constituent elements. Current research efforts have been directed toward enhancing its thermoelectric performance through strategies such as elemental doping, nanostructuring, strain engineering, and the development of composite systems. In this study, we investigate the effects of Mg substitutional doping on the thermoelectric characteristics of SnO2. We synthesize undoped and Mg-doped SnO2 nanoparticles (0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15%) using a straightforward hydrothermal technique. The investigation of the undoped and doped materials revealed that SnO2 possesses a tetragonal rutile-type structure, as determined through structural and morphological examination. The crystalline size of all of the samples decreases as the Mg doping concentration is increased. Hall measurement and Seebeck coefficient measurements have been employed for assessing the thermoelectric characteristics. As the Mg content increased, both the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity value increased from −20 μV/K to −91 μV/K and 29.8 S/cm to 112.6 S/cm, confirming the presence of semiconductor behavior. The 0.15% Mg-doped sample demonstrates the highest power factor when evaluated at a temperature of 150 K, yielding a value of 9.4 × 10−5 WK−2m−1.