# Sudomotor Dysfunction of Feet Is Associated with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

## TL;DR

This study shows that foot sudomotor dysfunction is linked to cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients, suggesting it could help detect the condition early.

## Contribution

The study identifies a novel association between foot sudomotor dysfunction and cardiac autonomic neuropathy severity in type 2 diabetes.

## Key findings

- Sudomotor dysfunction was present in 59.6% of patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Feet electrochemical skin conductance showed moderate ability to identify cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
- Sudomotor dysfunction was significantly associated with more severe autonomic dysfunction indicators.

## Abstract

Background and Objectives: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common but also underdiagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), associated with high cardiovascular risk and mortality. Sudomotor dysfunction can serve as an early indicator of autonomic dysfunction. This study evaluated the association between sudomotor dysfunction and the severity of CAN in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 109 patients with T2D were evaluated for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, and sudomotor dysfunction. Additionally, clinical and biochemical data were collected from patients’ medical records. Results: Sudomotor dysfunction (SUDO+) was present in 59.6% of patients. The presence of SUDO+ was associated with a higher age, longer duration of diabetes, lower eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) values, and more severe signs of peripheral neuropathy. SUDO+ patients showed significantly greater orthostatic systolic and diastolic BP (blood pressure) changes, lower RR interval ratios, and lower feet ESC (electrochemical skin conductance) values. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis for feet ESC in identifying pathological RR ratio showed an AUC of 0.689 (95% CI: 0.593–0.774, p = 0.0022), with a sensitivity of 46.7% and a specificity of 94.7% at a cutoff of ≤68 µS. For orthostatic hypotension and QTc prolongation, the ESC values had limited discriminative power. Chi-squared analysis showed a significant association between feet sudomotor impairment and pathological RR ratio (χ2 = 6.521, p = 0.0107). Conclusions: Sudomotor dysfunction is associated with indicators of CAN. SUDOSCAN can be used as a complementary tool for early CAN detection in clinical practice.