# Superficial Fungal Infections in Children—What Do We Know?

## TL;DR

This review discusses the causes, risk factors, and treatments for superficial fungal infections in children, emphasizing their prevalence and management.

## Contribution

The paper provides a focused review on superficial fungal infections in children, highlighting current trends and treatment strategies.

## Key findings

- Superficial fungal infections in children are influenced by factors like climate, immunity, and hygiene.
- Scalp infections are mainly caused by Trichophyton and Microsporum species.
- Onychomycosis is rare in young children but often caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

## Abstract

Superficial fungal infections are common conditions affecting the skin, hair, and nails, primarily caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and less frequently, molds. Humid climates, prolonged summer seasons, immunodeficiencies, diabetes and socioeconomic factors such as poor hygiene and overcrowding promote them. Children are particularly susceptible due to their immature immune systems and other contributing factors. The infections are classified based on the site involved and include, among others, scalp infections, athlete’s foot, or nail infections (onychomycosis). Scalp mycoses are primarily caused by dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum, which may originate from human or animal sources. Onychomycosis is rare in young children, with Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes being the most frequently isolated pathogens. The increasing incidence in pediatric populations is linked to atopy, immune disorders, and immunosuppressive therapies. Treatment involves topical and systemic medications, depending on the location and severity of the infection. Maintaining proper hygiene, addressing risk factors, and monitoring therapy are essential to prevent recurrence. Focusing on children, this review explores current epidemiological trends, diagnostic practices, and treatment options related to superficial fungal infections.