# Biomarker–Sleep Correlations in PTSD: Glutamine, Glutathione, Caspase-1, and BDNF Levels Assessed Using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum

## TL;DR

This study explores how certain biomarkers relate to sleep issues in PTSD patients, suggesting a link between oxidative stress and trauma-related sleep disturbances.

## Contribution

The study identifies correlations between specific biomarkers and sleep quality in PTSD patients, highlighting differences based on PTSD duration.

## Key findings

- Biomarkers like glutamine and glutathione correlate with sleep disturbances in PTSD patients.
- PTSD patients with shorter diagnosis durations show stronger trauma-related sleep issues.
- Longer PTSD duration is associated with trauma-unrelated anxiety and immune system activation.

## Abstract

Emerging evidence highlights oxidative stress and its biomarkers as potential factors in the onset and maintenance of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and co-occurring sleep disturbances. The study concerns the profile of biomarkers including glutamine, glutathione (GSH), caspase-1 and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels in three groups (PTSD with a current diagnosis lasting ≤ 5 years, PTSD with a current diagnosis lasting > 5 years, and no PTSD), classified into two age groups. In addition, sleep disturbances were analyzed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum (PSQI-A). The study revealed mutual correlations between the examined biomarkers, which may confirm a coordinated antioxidant response. Furthermore, a relationship was observed between biomarkers and PSQI-A; trauma-related domains (e.g., Trauma Nightmares with Terror Episodes) were more pronounced in the case of PTSD ≤ 5 years, while PTSD > 5 years emphasized trauma-unrelated anxiety. The study results suggest that individuals with PTSD exhibit increased sensitivity to trauma, which may manifest through immune system activation and sleep disturbances. Patients with a longer history of PTSD and co-occurring dysfunctions require a personalized approach to trauma treatment and prevention of recurrence.