# Genetic Diversity of Fresh Maize Germplasm Revealed by Morphological Traits and SSR Markers

## TL;DR

This study evaluates genetic diversity in fresh maize using both physical traits and DNA markers, finding that DNA markers provide more reliable classification.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates that SSR markers are more effective than phenotypic traits for classifying genetic diversity in fresh maize inbred lines.

## Key findings

- Phenotypic analysis grouped 200 maize lines into four clusters with distinct distributions.
- SSR markers revealed an average of 5.75 alleles per locus and a mean PIC of 0.70, indicating high genetic diversity.
- Molecular clustering showed different group distributions compared to phenotypic grouping, confirming greater genetic divergence.

## Abstract

Background: This study aims to systematically evaluate the genetic divergence among 200 fresh maize inbred lines using both phenotypic and molecular markers, and to compare the efficacy of these two approaches for genetic classification. Methods: Phenotypic clustering analysis was conducted based on eight key agronomic traits, including plant height and ear length. Additionally, molecular analysis was performed using 40 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primer pairs, resulting in the generation of 230 polymorphic alleles. The polymorphism information content (PIC) was calculated to evaluate the discriminatory power of the markers. Results: Phenotypic analysis categorized the inbred lines into four groups, comprising 25, 38, 97, and 40 lines, respectively, with benchmark lines distributed across Groups I and III. SSR analysis revealed a high level of genetic diversity, with an average of 5.75 alleles per locus and a mean polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.70. Molecular grouping further divided the population into four distinct clusters, representing 26.5%, 51.0%, 14.0%, and 8.5% of the total, which exhibited different distribution patterns compared to the phenotypic grouping. The distribution of benchmark lines across various molecular groups confirmed their genetic divergence. Conclusions: SSR-based clustering demonstrated superior robustness and reliability compared to phenotypic grouping for genetic discrimination. These findings confirm the substantial genetic diversity present in fresh maize inbred lines and support the preferential use of SSR markers in maize breeding programs for precise genetic characterization.