# A Dissipative Phenomenon: The Mechanical Model of the Cosmological Axion Influence

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a mechanical model to describe how axions might influence electromagnetic waves by causing frequency reduction through repulsive interactions.

## Contribution

A novel mechanical model is introduced to explain the axion effect through symmetry-breaking and dissipation in wave propagation.

## Key findings

- A negative mass term in the Klein–Gordon equation leads to repulsive interactions and wave amplitude increase.
- Wave propagation velocity decreases after repulsive interactions, resulting in dissipation and symmetry breaking.
- The model aligns with the axion effect, where electromagnetic waves lose frequency when interacting with repulsive fields.

## Abstract

The appearance of a negative mass term in the classical, non-relativistic Klein–Gordon equation deduced from mechanical interactions describes a repulsive interaction. In the case of a traveling wave, this results in an increase in amplitude and a decrease in the wave propagation velocity. Since this leads to dissipation, it is a symmetry-breaking phenomenon. After the repulsive interaction is eliminated, the system evolves towards the original state. Given that the interactions within the system are conservative, it would be assumed that even the original state is restored. The analysis to be presented shows that a wave with a lower angular frequency than the original one is transformed back to a slightly larger amplitude. This description is a suitable model of the axion effect, during which an electromagnetic wave interacts with a repulsive field and becomes of a continuously lower frequency.