# Statistical Conceptualisation of Mood Instability: A Systematic Review

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how mood instability is statistically measured in psychiatric research and highlights the need for standardized methods to improve clinical outcomes.

## Contribution

The paper systematically identifies and categorizes 15 distinct statistical methods used to calculate mood instability in ESM studies.

## Key findings

- 15 discrete statistical methods were used 319 times across 229 papers.
- 33% of studies used more than one statistical method.
- 17% of studies applied different methods for specific aspects of affect dynamics.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Our understanding of mood instability as a clinically important feature of many psychiatric conditions has been increasing over the last decade, but there remains a lack of clarity around the optimal ways to calculate mood instability in real time. We conducted a systematic review in order to describe the statistical methods used in studies investigating mood instability that collected mood data using ESM (Experience Sampling Methodology). Results: From a total of 229 papers, we found 15 discrete statistical methods were used a total of 319 times. In 76 (33%) studies, more than one statistical method was used, and 39 (17%) studies employed distinct statistical methods for particular aspects of affect dynamics. Conclusions: Based on our findings, we recommend standardisation of statistical methods to strengthen future research on mood instability and ultimately support better clinical outcomes for individuals with mood difficulties.