# Multiscale Permutation Time Irreversibility Analysis of MEG in Patients with Schizophrenia

## TL;DR

This study introduces a new method to analyze brain signals in schizophrenia patients, finding distinct patterns that could help in more objective diagnosis.

## Contribution

The novel MsPTIRR index quantifies nonequilibrium features in MEG signals for schizophrenia detection.

## Key findings

- MsPTIRR indices were significantly lower in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls.
- Differences in MsPTIRR indices were observed in frontal, occipital, and temporal lobe regions.
- Abnormal nonequilibrium features were found in θ, α, and β frequency bands in schizophrenia patients.

## Abstract

The use of questionnaire survey results as a clinical diagnostic method for schizophrenia lacks a certain degree of objectivity; thus, markers of schizophrenia in different brain signals have been widely investigated. The objective of this investigation was to explore potential markers of schizophrenia by investigating nonequilibrium features in magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals. We propose a new method to quantify the nonequilibrium features of MEG signals: the multiscale permutation time irreversibility (MsPTIRR) index. The results revealed that the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings of patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings of patients with schizophrenia and HCs differed significantly in the frontal, occipital, and temporal lobe regions. Furthermore, the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings differed significantly between patients with schizophrenia and HCs in the θ, α and β bands. Abnormal nonequilibrium features mined in MEG recordings using the MsPTIRR index may be used as potential markers for schizophrenia, assisting in the clinical diagnosis of this disorder.