# Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Impact of Handheld Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Pediatric Odontogenic Infections: A Prospective Cohort Study

## TL;DR

This study shows that handheld ultrasound can help non-specialists accurately diagnose dental infections in children, reducing hospital admissions and ED visits.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates the clinical utility of handheld POCUS for diagnosing pediatric odontogenic infections when used by non-specialists.

## Key findings

- Handheld POCUS had 73% accuracy in distinguishing abscess from cellulitis in pediatric dental infections.
- Hospital admission rates dropped significantly after POCUS implementation.
- POCUS use was associated with reduced ED burden and healthcare costs.

## Abstract

Background: Pediatric odontogenic infections pose significant diagnostic challenges, particularly in distinguishing between cellulitis and abscess. Accurate differentiation is crucial for guiding appropriate management—antibiotics alone for cellulitis versus surgical incision and drainage (I&D) for an abscess—but can be difficult without specialized expertise or advanced imaging. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of handheld point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS; Philips Lumify), utilized by non-specialist clinicians, in differentiating cellulitis from abscess in pediatric odontogenic infections. A secondary objective was to assess its impact on reducing hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) burden. Methods: This prospective cohort study involved 111 pediatric patients (aged 1–17 years) presenting with maxillofacial odontogenic infections to a tertiary care academic medical center. Following clinical evaluations, handheld POCUS assessments were performed by trained non-specialist clinicians. Findings from I&D or clinical resolution with antibiotics served as the reference standard. Ninety cases were included in the final diagnostic accuracy analysis after 21 exclusions. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Hospital admission trends were compared before (2017–2021) and after POCUS implementation (January 2022–April 2025). Interpretation should consider potential verification bias from the asymmetric reference standard (I&D for abscess vs. clinical resolution for cellulitis). Results: Handheld POCUS exhibited a sensitivity of 72.97% (95% CI: 57.02–84.60%), specificity of 73.58% (95% CI: 60.42–83.56%), PPV of 65.85% (95% CI: 50.55–78.44%), NPV of 79.59% (95% CI: 66.36–88.52%), and overall accuracy of 73.33% (95% CI: 63.38–81.38%). Following POCUS implementation, the annualized hospital admission rate for pediatric facial odontogenic infections decreased from 60.0 to 19.5 admissions/year; rate ratio (RR) = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.25–0.42), p < 0.001 (Poisson regression with log-offset for period length). Conclusions: Handheld POCUS, operated by non-specialist clinicians after a defined training protocol, was associated with a lower annualized admission rate and demonstrated moderate diagnostic accuracy. Its adoption was associated with a notable reduction in hospitalizations, suggesting its potential for alleviating ED overcrowding, reducing healthcare costs, and minimizing pediatric stress. Wider adoption, supported by standardized training, could enhance healthcare efficiency and quality in managing this common pediatric condition.