# sTREM-1, HMGB1, CRP, PCT, sCD14-ST, IL-6, IL-10, sHLA-G, and Vitamin D in Relation to Clinical Scores and Survival in SIRS/Sepsis

## TL;DR

The study examines biomarkers like sTREM-1, CRP, and vitamin D in sepsis patients to improve diagnosis and predict survival, finding that some biomarkers are strong indicators when adjusted for clinical factors.

## Contribution

The study identifies vitamin D and sCD14-ST as independent predictors of sepsis after adjusting for clinical covariates, offering new insights into sepsis biomarkers.

## Key findings

- Elevated sTREM-1, CRP, PCT, and sCD14-ST levels are associated with sepsis.
- Vitamin D levels are reduced in septic patients and predict better survival.
- Higher IL-10 levels correlate with increased 7- and 28-day mortality in sepsis.

## Abstract

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and remains a major cause of mortality in intensive care units. Methods: We analyzed plasma levels of sTREM-1, CRP, PCT, sCD14-ST, HMGB1, IL-6, IL-10, vitamin D (VD), and sHLA-G in patients with SIRS/sepsis, and assessed their relationships with APACHE II, SOFA scores, and survival. Results: Septic patients showed significantly elevated sTREM-1, CRP, PCT, sCD14-ST, and higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, while VD levels were markedly reduced. Logistic regression identified CRP and PCT as the strongest univariate predictors of sepsis, but after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and comorbidities, CRP lost significance, whereas VD and sCD14-ST remained independent predictors. Prognostically, higher IL-10 levels significantly correlated with 7- and 28-day mortality and with SOFA scores, while higher VD concentrations predicted better survival. Conclusion: CRP, PCT, and sCD14-ST are reliable diagnostic biomarkers of sepsis, with sTREM-1 providing additional value for disease monitoring. After adjustment for clinical covariates, VD emerged as an independent protective factor, whereas elevated IL-10 significantly predicted 7- and 28-day mortality. These findings underscore the utility of combining inflammatory and immunoregulatory biomarkers to improve sepsis diagnostics and prognostication, warranting validation in larger multicenter cohorts.