# VNTR Polymorphisms in the SLC6A3 Gene and Their Impact on Time Perception and EEG Activity

## TL;DR

This study explores how genetic variations in the SLC6A3 gene affect time perception and brain activity in the prefrontal cortex.

## Contribution

The study identifies a combinatory effect of SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms on time estimation and EEG alpha band activity.

## Key findings

- The combinatory effect of SLC6A3 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTRs influences time estimation for 1-second intervals.
- EEG alpha power differences were observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
- Cognitive resources for time interval processing can be measured via EEG power patterns.

## Abstract

Aim: The research examined the relationship between SLC6A3 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTR polymorphisms and their influence on supra-second time estimation performance and EEG alpha band activity. Material and methods: A total of 178 male participants (aged 18 to 32 years) underwent genotyping for the SLC6A3 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTR polymorphisms. An electroencephalographic assessment was conducted targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), simultaneously with the time estimation task. The 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTRs polymorphisms were linked to absolute error and ratio in a time estimation task (target duration: 1 s, 4 s, 7 s, and 9 s) neurophysiological variable. Results: Regarding the absolute error and ratio, the combinatory effect of SLC6A3 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTRs showed a difference in the interpretation of time only for 1 s (p = 0.0002). In the EEG alpha power, the analysis revealed a difference only for the left DLPFC (p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Electrophysiological and behavioral investigation in the time perception associated with the SLC6A3 gene suggests an alternative evaluation of neurobiological aspects inbuilt in timing. The 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTR polymorphisms modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission during short-temporal scale judgment in the domain of supra seconds and indicate a role in its inputs to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the voluntary attention processes for visual stimulus. Our findings demonstrate that cognitive resources to capture and store time intervals can be measured based on the EEG power activity pattern.