# Light-Induced Transcription in Zebrafish Targets Mitochondrial Function and Heme Metabolism

## TL;DR

Exposure to light in zebrafish activates genes related to mitochondria and heme metabolism, a response absent in cavefish that evolved in darkness.

## Contribution

The study identifies mitochondrial and heme metabolism genes as new targets of light- and ROS-induced transcription in zebrafish.

## Key findings

- Light or elevated ROS activates mitochondrial and heme metabolism genes in zebrafish cells.
- D-box and E-box enhancers are essential for the transcriptional activation of these genes.
- Blind cavefish lack light-induced transcription of these genes due to their adaptation to perpetual darkness.

## Abstract

In fish cells, light exposure elevates levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stress-activated MAP kinase activity and thereby induces gene transcription. However, we lack a complete understanding of the function and evolution of this regulatory mechanism. Here, we reveal that a set of mitochondrial and heme metabolism genes is transcriptionally induced in zebrafish cells upon exposure to light or elevated ROS. The integrity of D-box and E-box enhancers in these gene promoters is essential for their transcriptional activation. Furthermore, light-induced transcription of mitochondrial and heme metabolism genes is absent in a cell line derived from the blind Somalian cavefish (Phreatichthys andruzzii). This fish species has evolved in perpetual darkness and lacks light-dependent circadian and DNA repair responses as well as D-box-mediated and light- and ROS-induced transcription. PAR-bZip transcription factors bind to and activate transcription via the D-box. Cavefish homologs of these factors share extensive homology with their zebrafish counterparts and lack the deletion mutations that characterize other light-dependent genes in this species. These results extend the role of the D-box as a key regulator of light- and ROS-driven transcription in fish, beyond the circadian clock and DNA repair systems, to also encompass metabolic and mitochondrial function.