# Evaluation of UNeXt for Automatic Bone Surface Segmentation on Ultrasound Imaging in Image-Guided Pediatric Surgery

## TL;DR

This paper presents a deep learning model for accurate bone surface segmentation in pediatric ultrasound imaging, showing reliable performance across different age groups.

## Contribution

A UNeXt-based model tailored for pediatric patients is proposed and validated for bone surface segmentation in ultrasound imaging.

## Key findings

- The model achieved a mean centerline Dice score of 0.85 and a mean surface distance of 0.78 mm.
- Performance was consistent across pediatric age groups, including those under ten years old.
- The model is suitable for integration into image-guided pediatric surgery systems.

## Abstract

Automatic bone surface segmentation represents an advanced alternative for conventional patient registration methods in surgical navigation technologies. In pediatrics, such technologies require tailored approaches to ensure optimal performance—specifically in patients under the age of ten, whose immature bones have less distinct bone characteristics. In this study, we developed a segmentation model tailored for pediatric patients. We captured 4309 ultrasound images from the bones in the extremities, pelvis and thorax of 16 pediatric patients. The dataset was manually annotated by a technical physician and sample-wise validated by a pediatric radiologist. A UNeXt deep learning model was trained for automatic segmentation. The segmentation performance was evaluated using the mean centerline Dice score and the mean surface distance. A mean centerline Dice score of 0.85 (SD: 0.13) and a mean surface distance of 0.78 mm (SD: 1.15 mm) were achieved. No important differences in performance were observed for patients younger than the age of ten compared to older patients. Our results demonstrate that the segmentation model detects the bone surface with sufficient accuracy, enabling precise and effective patient registration. The model performs sufficiently across different pediatric age groups, making it a viable tool for integration into ultrasound-based patient registration in image-guided pediatric surgery.