# Potential Noninvasive Biomarkers to Assess the Aging Process **Authors:** Álvaro Pérez Muñoz, Alejandro Gonzalez-Serna, Mercedes Cano PMC · DOI: 10.1017/erm.2025.10020 · 2025-09-15 ## TL;DR This paper reviews potential noninvasive biomarkers that could help assess and monitor the aging process in humans. ## Contribution The paper identifies and summarizes noninvasive biomarkers for aging that could be used in clinical practice. ## Key findings - Several cellular processes are linked to aging and can serve as potential biomarkers. - Noninvasive biomarkers are needed to monitor aging and improve quality of life. - A combination of biomarkers may be necessary for accurate aging assessment. ## Abstract Aging is a process preserved in all living beings, progressive over time and inexorable. Despite the existence of several theories that attempt to explain changes associated with aging, scientists have not managed to satisfactorily explain the causes of aging. However, during the last decade, several cellular processes involved in the aging process have been shown to be involved, allowing scientists to identify new biomolecules as aging biomarkers and control the progression of aging. Currently, there is no single biomarker sensitive and specific enough to predict aging, so it is necessary to find a set of specific biomarkers of cellular processes involved in aging. These biomarkers must be accessible for quantification in biological samples in a noninvasive way to implement them in clinical practice. By 2050, it is estimated that approximately one in six people in the world will be over 65 years old, doubling the percentage of population over 60 years old. Therefore, the research of new biomarkers represents a novel strategy to counteract against aging and improve quality of life. In this review we summarize the potential biomarkers of aging that could be used in a noninvasive manner. ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** NCAM1 (neural cell adhesion molecule 1) [NCBI Gene 4684] {aka CD56, MSK39, NCAM}, TCF3 (transcription factor 3) [NCBI Gene 6929] {aka AGM8, AGM8A, AGM8B, E2A, E47, ITF1}, IL7 (interleukin 7) [NCBI Gene 3574] {aka IL-7, IMD130}, WNT4 (Wnt family member 4) [NCBI Gene 54361] {aka SERKAL, WNT-4}, BCR (BCR activator of RhoGEF and GTPase) [NCBI Gene 613] {aka ALL, BCR1, CML, D22S11, D22S662, PHL}, PAX5 (paired box 5) [NCBI Gene 5079] {aka ALL3, BSAP, PAX-5}, LEP (leptin) [NCBI Gene 3952] {aka LEPD, OB, OBS}, ALB (albumin) [NCBI Gene 213] {aka FDAHT, HSA, PRO0883, PRO0903, PRO1341}, LAMP1 (lysosome associated membrane protein 1) [NCBI Gene 3916] {aka CD107a, LAMPA, LGP120}, IL1B (interleukin 1 beta) [NCBI Gene 3553] {aka IL-1, IL1-BETA, IL1F2, IL1beta}, IL1R1 (interleukin 1 receptor type 1) [NCBI Gene 3554] {aka CD121A, CRMO3, D2S1473, IL-1R-alpha, IL-1RT1, IL1R}, CRP (C-reactive protein) [NCBI Gene 1401] {aka PTX1}, B3GAT1 (beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1) [NCBI Gene 27087] {aka CD57, GLCATP, GLCUATP, HNK1, LEU7, NK-1}, CD27 (CD27 molecule) [NCBI Gene 939] {aka S152, S152. LPFS2, T14, TNFRSF7, Tp55}, CEBPA (CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha) [NCBI Gene 1050] {aka C/EBP-alpha, CEBP}, TGFB1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) [NCBI Gene 7040] {aka CAEND1, CED, DPD1, IBDIMDE, LAP, TGF-beta1}, ADM (adrenomedullin) [NCBI Gene 133] {aka AM, PAMP}, IL2 (interleukin 2) [NCBI Gene 3558] {aka IL-2, TCGF, lymphokine}, SERPINE1 (serpin family E member 1) [NCBI Gene 5054] {aka PAI, PAI-1, PAI1, PLANH1}, H2AX (H2A.X variant histone) [NCBI Gene 3014] {aka H2A.X, H2A/X, H2AFX}, B2M (beta-2-microglobulin) [NCBI Gene 567] {aka AMYLD6, IMD43, MHC1D4}, PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C) [NCBI Gene 5788] {aka B220, CD45, CD45R, GP180, IMD105, L-CA}, IL6 (interleukin 6) [NCBI Gene 3569] {aka BSF-2, BSF2, CDF, HGF, HSF, IFN-beta-2}, EIF4EBP1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1) [NCBI Gene 1978] {aka 4E-BP1, 4EBP1, BP-1, PHAS-I}, ADAM1A (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 1A (pseudogene)) [NCBI Gene 8759] {aka ADAM1, ADAM1AP, ADAM1P, FTNAP, Ftna, PH-30a}, WNT5A (Wnt family member 5A) [NCBI Gene 7474] {aka hWNT5A}, GLB1 (galactosidase beta 1) [NCBI Gene 2720] {aka EBP, ELNR1, MPS4B}, TRBV20OR9-2 (T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)) [NCBI Gene 6962] {aka CDR3, TCRBV20S2, TCRBV2O, TCRBV2S2O}, IL10 (interleukin 10) [NCBI Gene 3586] {aka CSIF, GVHDS, IL-10, IL10A, TGIF}, TIMP1 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1) [NCBI Gene 7076] {aka CLGI, EPA, EPO, HCI, TIMP, TIMP-1}, GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15) [NCBI Gene 9518] {aka GDF-15, HG, MIC-1, MIC1, NAG-1, PDF}, IFNG (interferon gamma) [NCBI Gene 3458] {aka IFG, IFI, IMD69}, MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) [NCBI Gene 2475] {aka FRAP, FRAP1, FRAP2, RAFT1, RAPT1, SKS}, CCR7 (C-C motif chemokine receptor 7) [NCBI Gene 1236] {aka BLR2, CC-CKR-7, CCR-7, CD197, CDw197, CMKBR7}, CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5) [NCBI Gene 6352] {aka D17S136E, RANTES, SCYA5, SIS-delta, SISd, TCP228}, RPS6KA1 (ribosomal protein S6 kinase A1) [NCBI Gene 6195] {aka HU-1, MAPKAPK1, MAPKAPK1A, RSK, RSK1, p90Rsk}, WNT1 (Wnt family member 1) [NCBI Gene 7471] {aka BMND16, INT1, OI15}, CD8A (CD8 subunit alpha) [NCBI Gene 925] {aka CD8, CD8alpha, IMD116, Leu2, p32}, CCL3 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 3) [NCBI Gene 6348] {aka G0S19-1, LD78, LD78ALPHA, MIP-1-alpha, MIP1A, SCI}, PRKAB1 (protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1) [NCBI Gene 5564] {aka AMPK, HAMPKb}, IGF1 (insulin like growth factor 1) [NCBI Gene 3479] {aka IGF, IGF-I, IGFI, MGF}, CD4 (CD4 molecule) [NCBI Gene 920] {aka CD4mut, IMD79, Leu-3, OKT4D, T4}, Vegfa (vascular endothelial growth factor A) [NCBI Gene 22339] {aka L-VEGF, Vegf, Vpf}, KL (klotho) [NCBI Gene 9365] {aka HFTC3, KLA}, HLA-G (major histocompatibility complex, class I, G) [NCBI Gene 3135] {aka MHC-G}, CDKN2A (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) [NCBI Gene 1029] {aka ARF, CAI2, CDK4I, CDKN2, CMM2, INK4}, CAT (catalase) [NCBI Gene 847], IL12B (interleukin 12B) [NCBI Gene 3593] {aka CLMF, CLMF2, IL-12B, IMD28, IMD29, NKSF}, SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) [NCBI Gene 6647] {aka ALS, ALS1, HEL-S-44, IPOA, SOD, STAHP}, CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) [NCBI Gene 6347] {aka GDCF-2, HC11, HSMCR30, MCAF, MCP-1, MCP1}, Kl (klotho) [NCBI Gene 16591] {aka alpha-kl}, ADAM17 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17) [NCBI Gene 6868] {aka ADAM18, CD156B, CSVP, HYPT16, NISBD, NISBD1}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, EEF2 (eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2) [NCBI Gene 1938] {aka EEF-2, EF-2, EF2, SCA26}, CXCL8 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8) [NCBI Gene 3576] {aka GCP-1, GCP1, IL8, LECT, LUCT, LYNAP}, Pf4 (platelet factor 4) [NCBI Gene 56744] {aka Cxcl4, Scyb4}, FCGR3A (Fc gamma receptor IIIa) [NCBI Gene 2214] {aka CD16-II, CD16A, FCG3, FCGR3, FCRIIIA, FcGRIIIA}, CST3 (cystatin C) [NCBI Gene 1471] {aka ADLDWA, ARMD11, HEL-S-2}, ADAM10 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10) [NCBI Gene 102] {aka AD10, AD18, CD156c, CDw156, HsT18717, MADM}, CD38 (CD38 molecule) [NCBI Gene 952] {aka ADPRC 1, ADPRC1, cADPR1} - **Diseases:** neurodegeneration (MESH:D019636), hypertension (MESH:D006973), systemic (MESH:D015619), neuroinflammation (MESH:D000090862), Down syndrome (MESH:D004314), anaemia (MESH:D000743), sarcopenia (MESH:D055948), infection (MESH:D007239), mitochondrial dysfunction (MESH:D028361), solid (MESH:D018250), autoimmune diseases (MESH:D001327), obesity (MESH:D009765), age- (MESH:D019588), age-related diseases (MESH:D010024), cytotoxicity (MESH:D064420), fibrosis (MESH:D005355), cancer (MESH:D009369), T2DM (MESH:D003924), dementia (MESH:D003704), diseases (MESH:D004194), programmed cell death (MESH:D003643), cognitive impairment (MESH:D003072), CVD (MESH:D002318), AD (MESH:D000544), metabolic syndromes (MESH:D024821), resistance to insulin (MESH:D007333), fALS (MESH:C531617), chronic diseases (MESH:D002908), diabetes (MESH:D003920), chronic inflammation (MESH:D007249), ALS (MESH:D000690), tumorigenesis (MESH:D063646), PD (MESH:D010300), multiple sclerosis (MESH:D009103), necrosis (MESH:D009336) - **Chemicals:** glucose (MESH:D005947), O-benzylhydroxylamine (MESH:C017064), rapamycin (MESH:D020123), propionate (MESH:D011422), PGE2 (MESH:D015232), polyamines (MESH:D011073), superoxide (MESH:D013481), butyrate (MESH:D002087), lipid (MESH:D008055), GSH (MESH:D005978), GSSG (MESH:D019803), N2 (MESH:D009584), SCFA (MESH:D005232), TBARS (MESH:D017392), metformin (MESH:D008687), 4-HNE (-), 2-thiobarbituric acid (MESH:C029684), creatinine (MESH:D003404), oxygen (MESH:D010100), ROS (MESH:D017382), ATP (MESH:D000255), aspirin (MESH:D001241), spermidine (MESH:D013095), acetate (MESH:D000085), 8-OHdG (MESH:D000080242), isoprostanes (MESH:D028421), Vitamin E (MESH:D014810), triglyceride (MESH:D014280), MDA (MESH:D008315), Glycans (MESH:D011134), hydrogen peroxide (MESH:D006861), water (MESH:D014867), resveratrol (MESH:D000077185), CO2 (MESH:D002245), NAD+ (MESH:D009243), cholesterol (MESH:D002784) - **Species:** Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (no rank) [taxon 11676], Agathobacter rectalis (species) [taxon 39491], Salmonella (genus) [taxon 590], Bacteria Latreille et al. 1825 (Bacteria stick insect, genus) [taxon 629395], Bifidobacterium (genus) [taxon 1678], Neisseria (genus) [taxon 482], Prevotella (genus) [taxon 838], Blautia obeum (species) [taxon 40520], Human immunodeficiency virus (species) [taxon 12721], Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090], Pseudomonadota (proteobacteria, phylum) [taxon 1224], Escherichia coli (E. coli, species) [taxon 562], Akkermansia muciniphila (species) [taxon 239935], Lactobacillus (genus) [taxon 1578], Bacillota (clostridial firmicutes, phylum) [taxon 1239], gut metagenome (species) [taxon 749906], Bacteroidia (class) [taxon 200643], Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (species) [taxon 853], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Bacteroides (genus) [taxon 816] ## Figures 10 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12558625/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12558625