# Feminist Identity and Online Activism in Four Countries From 2019 to 2023

## TL;DR

This study explores how feminist identity influences online activism, especially among caregivers, across four countries during and after the pandemic.

## Contribution

The paper introduces new insights into how feminist identity consistently predicts online petition signing across different countries and time periods.

## Key findings

- Feminist identity is positively linked to signing online petitions across four countries.
- Caregivers, regardless of gender, are more mobilized by feminist identity than non-caregivers.
- Feminist identity consistently predicts online activism during and after the pandemic.

## Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic heightened burdens on caregivers, but also the visibility of caregiving inequalities. These grievances may activate a feminist identity which in turn leads to greater civic and political participation. During a pandemic, online forms of participation are particularly attractive as they require less effort than offline forms of participation and pose less health risks compared to collective forms of offline activism. Using survey data from four countries (Canada, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom) collected in 2019 (prior to the pandemic), 2021 (during the pandemic), and 2023 (post-pandemic), we examine the relationship between self-identifying as a feminist and signing online petitions (n = 18,362). Our multivariate analyses show that having a feminist identity is positively related to signing online petitions. We consider the differential effects of this identity on participation for men, women, non-binary people; caregivers versus non-caregivers; and respondents in different countries with varying levels of restrictions due to the pandemic. A feminist identity is more important for mobilizing caregivers than non-caregivers, whether or not the caregiver is a man or a woman. While grievance theory suggests differential effects by country and time period, we find a consistent role of feminist identity in predicting the signing of online petitions across time and across countries. These findings offer insights into how different groups in varying contexts are mobilized to participate.