# The German translation of the Oxford utilitarianism scale: Validation and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the observations

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a German version of a scale to measure utilitarian views and examines how the pandemic affected these views.

## Contribution

The paper presents the first validated German version of the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale and explores its use during and after the pandemic.

## Key findings

- The German version of the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale (OUS-DE) showed good fit and reliability in pre-pandemic and post-pandemic samples.
- Women scored higher on the Impartial Beneficence subscale than men in both pre- and post-pandemic samples.
- Agreement with the Impartial Beneficence subscale decreased after the pandemic, and utilitarian beliefs remained stable in repeated measurements.

## Abstract

The study of utilitarian inclinations is probably the most experimentally investigated aspect of morality. The Oxford Utilitarianism Scale has been developed to provide a self-report tool for reliable measurement of utilitarian views while addressing serious methodological issues with previous measures. In this study, we have translated and validated a German version of the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale (OUS-DE). The scale consists of two subscales: Impartial Beneficence (IB-DE) and Instrumental Harm (IH-DE). We conducted a procedure in a general German sample (NS1 = 378, 243 women, Mage = 25.37) before the Covid-19 pandemic. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit of a two-factor model for OUS-DE, while internal consistency and construct reliability were acceptable. Both in the pre-pandemic and the post-pandemic sample (NS2 = 348, 206 women, Mage = 24.61) we found a sex/gender difference, with women scoring significantly higher in the IB-DE subscale than men. We also found that the mean agreement with the IB-DE subscale decreased after the pandemic. In a separate third sample (NS3 = 39, 19 women, Mage = 23.72), we observed an inverse U-shape relationship between moral behavior related to quarantine requirements and the IH-DE subscale, as measured during the peak pandemic restrictions in late 2020. Repeated OUS-DE measurement in this sample showed stability in responders’ utilitarian beliefs post-pandemic. In sum, OUS-DE is the first available measurement of utilitarian inclinations in German. The scale will enable further research on how utilitarian preconceptions affect behavior in German-speaking populations.