# Effects of optimal timed automatic awakening from a short daytime nap on cognitive performance, alertness, and fatigue

## TL;DR

A system that automatically wakes people after a short nap improves alertness and reduces fatigue as effectively as manual awakening.

## Contribution

A novel system for optimal timed automatic awakening during naps is introduced and evaluated for cognitive and fatigue outcomes.

## Key findings

- Automatic awakening reduced sleepiness and fatigue compared to resting, matching manual awakening.
- The automatic system's N2 sleep detection accuracy improved with additional training data.
- Manual awakening showed better performance in a cognitive test than automatic awakening.

## Abstract

Daytime napping improves performance, which is maximized with a post-N2 9-min nap. We evaluated whether a system that enables optimal-time automatic awakening using blood flow parameters could improve performance, sleepiness, and fatigue compared to no-nap. Additionally, we investigated whether its performance was comparable to manual awakening based on polysomnography. Eighty-one healthy adults (33.6 ± 12.8 years) were randomly assigned to automatic- or manual-awakening or rest groups. A task bout comprising a digit-symbol substitution test (DSST), visual detection test, and sleepiness and fatigue questionnaires was performed three times per session before napping and for six sessions after napping. In all post-nap sessions, sleepiness and fatigue in the automatic awakening group decreased, compared to the rest group, and were comparable to those in the manual awakening group. The DSST improved in the sixth post-nap session for the manual awakening group compared to the rest group; no improvement was observed in the automatic awakening group. The system model was refined by adding training data and tested on 50 healthy adults (40.6 ± 13.1 years). The test results revealed that the N2 detection accuracy of the system improved. The optimal automatic awakening system improves subjective sleepiness and fatigue, and further improvements in its accuracy may enhance post-nap performance.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-21008-3.