# The divergent roles of tgf-β isoforms in thyroid cancer and goiter: from mechanistic insights to clinical biomarker potential in thyroidology

## TL;DR

This study explores how different TGF-β isoforms behave in thyroid cancer and goiter, revealing their roles and potential as clinical biomarkers.

## Contribution

The paper identifies distinct functional and prognostic roles of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 in thyroid diseases.

## Key findings

- TGF-β1 promotes tumor growth via EMT and may predict radioiodine resistance in DTC.
- TGF-β3 shows potential anti-fibrotic effects, contrasting with TGF-β1.
- TGF-β2 is linked to reduced goiter recurrence, suggesting biomarker potential.

## Abstract

•TGF-β isoform levels show divergent perioperative dynamics in thyroid cancer versus goiter.•The pro-tumorigenic role of TGF-β1 (via EMT) is contrasted with TGF-β3′s potential anti-fibrotic function.•Pre-operative TGF-β1 may predict radioiodine resistance in DTC (HR=2.3), suggesting prognostic utility.•TGF-β2 is associated with reduced goiter recurrence, highlighting its biomarker potential.•Multicenter studies with standardized assays are urgently needed to validate clinical thresholds.

TGF-β isoform levels show divergent perioperative dynamics in thyroid cancer versus goiter.

The pro-tumorigenic role of TGF-β1 (via EMT) is contrasted with TGF-β3′s potential anti-fibrotic function.

Pre-operative TGF-β1 may predict radioiodine resistance in DTC (HR=2.3), suggesting prognostic utility.

TGF-β2 is associated with reduced goiter recurrence, highlighting its biomarker potential.

Multicenter studies with standardized assays are urgently needed to validate clinical thresholds.