# Growth-predation risk tradeoffs constrain the local distribution of a thicket-forming Staghorn coral to marginal reef habitats

## TL;DR

Staghorn coral grows better in certain reef areas but is limited by predator threats, which affects its spread.

## Contribution

The study identifies a growth-predation risk tradeoff that limits the distribution of thicket-forming staghorn coral on tropical reefs.

## Key findings

- Nubbins protected from predators grew more in mid-lagoon than on fringing reefs.
- Mid-lagoon nubbins exposed to predators only achieved 30% of the growth of exposed fringing reef nubbins.
- Predation risk is a major constraint on the offshore expansion of staghorn coral thickets.

## Abstract

On tropical reefs, environmental conditions and biological interactions are fundamental drivers of the spatial distribution of corals, which in turn influences community attributes and ecosystem rate processes. Here we focus on a major habitat-providing species of coral, the thicket-forming staghorn Acropora pulchra, in Moorea, French Polynesia, to explore environmental attributes that shape its local distribution. At the island scale, A. pulchra decreased in abundance with increasing distance from the shoreline and was inversely related to nitrogen enrichment. To investigate growth-predation risk tradeoffs, we quantified growth and corallivory rates across major abiotic (nutrients, sedimentation) and biotic (corallivorous fish biomass) gradients. At 20 sites divided between fringing reef and mid-lagoon habitats, we quantified colony growth of transplanted A. pulchra fragments (nubbins) that were either exposed or protected from predators after 83 days. Nubbins protected from corallivores grew more in the mid-lagoon than on the fringing reef, whereas mid-lagoon nubbins exposed to predators only achieved 30% of the growth of exposed fringing reef nubbins. These findings suggest that a growth-predation risk tradeoff exists for A. pulchra, with predation a major constraint on the local distribution of A. pulchra thickets that hinders the ability of staghorn to proliferate further offshore from the fringing reef.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-21028-z.