# Delineating inter- and intra-antibody repertoire evolution with AntibodyForests

**Authors:** Daphne van Ginneken, Valentijn Tromp, Lucas Stalder, Tudor-Stefan Cotet, Sophie Bakker, Anamay Samant, Sai T Reddy, Alexander Yermanos

PMC · DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaf560 · Bioinformatics · 2025-10-09

## TL;DR

AntibodyForests is a new software tool that helps researchers study how B cell antibody repertoires evolve using advanced computational methods.

## Contribution

AntibodyForests introduces a novel R package for analyzing B cell lineage and repertoire evolution using protein language models and structure.

## Key findings

- AntibodyForests enables lineage inference and quantification of repertoire evolution.
- The tool integrates protein language models and structural analysis for deeper insights.
- It supports both inter- and intra-repertoire comparisons during immune responses.

## Abstract

The rapid advancements in immune repertoire sequencing, powered by single-cell technologies and artificial intelligence, have created unprecedented opportunities to study B cell evolution at a novel scale and resolution. However, fully leveraging these data requires specialized software capable of performing inter- and intra-repertoire analyses to unravel the complex dynamics of B cell repertoire evolution during immune responses.

Here, we present AntibodyForests, software to infer B cell lineages, quantify inter- and intra-antibody repertoire evolution, and analyze somatic hypermutation using protein language models and protein structure.

This R package is available on CRAN and Github at https://github.com/alexyermanos/AntibodyForests, a vignette is available at https://cran.case.edu/web/packages/AntibodyForests/vignettes/AntibodyForests_vignette.html.

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** BCR (BCR activator of RhoGEF and GTPase) [NCBI Gene 613] {aka ALL, BCR1, CML, D22S11, D22S662, PHL}
- **Diseases:** PLMs (MESH:D007806), SHM (MESH:D013001)
- **Chemicals:** GlycoEra (-)
- **Species:** Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (no rank) [taxon 11676], Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (no rank) [taxon 2697049]

## Full text

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## Figures

1 figure with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12548040/full.md

## References

39 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12548040/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12548040