# Prevalence and impact of non-prescription medication misuse in the geriatric population

## TL;DR

This study explores how older adults in Saudi Arabia misuse over-the-counter medications, highlighting a lack of awareness and the need for education.

## Contribution

The study identifies high OTC medication use and misuse among Saudi geriatric patients, emphasizing knowledge gaps and suggesting targeted interventions.

## Key findings

- 80.7% of participants used OTC medications, with painkillers being the most common.
- 24.9% reported drug-drug interactions, and many lacked awareness of misuse risks.
- Participants aware of side effects and contraindications showed lower misuse rates.

## Abstract

Geriatric patients constitute the largest consumers of non-prescription medications. Understanding their patterns and consequences is essential.

This study investigated OTC medication misuse among adults aged 65 and older in Saudi Arabia. It aimed to determine the extent of misuse, identify common medication classes, and analyze associated health risks.

The study used a cross-sectional approach with 386 participants from various cities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire delivered via two modes: an online survey and in-person interviews addressing demographics, medication use, drug interaction awareness, and educational needs. The sample ensured statistical accuracy, with a 5 % margin of error and a 95 % confidence level.

The majority of participants (80.7 %) used over-the-counter medications, primarily painkillers (66.4 %). Notably, 28.5 % use five or more regular medications. Some exhibited misuse behaviors, including overdosing (14.2 %) and using OTC medications for non-recommended purposes. Additionally, 24.9 % reported drug-drug interactions. Awareness gaps were significant: 39.4 % were unaware of the dangers of misuse, 38.3 % did not know potential side effects, 43.5 % were unaware of interactions with prescribed medications, and 56.2 % did not know about contraindications. Correlation analysis revealed that participants aware of potential side effects (80.1 %) were less likely to misuse OTC drugs than those unaware (89.2 %) (p = 0.046), and those who understood contraindications (75.5 %) showed lower misuse rates than the unaware (86.6 %) (p = 0.049).

The study showed that most participants frequently used OTC medications, primarily analgesics, yet lacked knowledge about these drugs. It underscores the urgent need for interventions to prevent OTC misuse among the aging population, focusing on enhancing health literacy and safe drug practices. Recommended strategies include media campaigns and clinical programs to raise awareness about OTC misuse risks.