# β‑Caryophyllene and Graphene Oxide: A Novel Approach for Managing Fusarium Wilt in Cyclamen spp

## TL;DR

This study explores using graphene oxide and β-caryophyllene to control Fusarium wilt in cyclamen, showing a significant reduction in plant mortality.

## Contribution

The novel combination of graphene oxide and β-caryophyllene demonstrates a synergistic antifungal effect against Fusarium wilt.

## Key findings

- Combined application of graphene oxide and β-caryophyllene reduced plant mortality to 40–60%.
- The combination showed a strong synergistic effect against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis.
- β-caryophyllene was found to be environmentally safe based on ecotoxicological assessment.

## Abstract

Cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.)
is a widely
cultivated ornamental plant. Among the soil-borne pathogens affecting
cyclamen, Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, is one of the most significant phytosanitary challenges. This study
aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of graphene oxide and β-caryophyllene,
separately and in combination, applied either by spraying or through
endotherapy (bulb injection), to control Fusarium wilt in cyclamen. The combined application of these antifungal agents
proved more effective, resulting in 40–60% mortality of infected
plants, compared to 100% mortality in the untreated control group.
A sorption study of fusaric acid on graphene oxide was also conducted
to better understand its antifungal activity, along with an ecotoxicological
assessment of β-caryophyllene to evaluate its environmental
safety. Overall, the strong synergistic effect between graphene oxide
and β-caryophyllene against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis highlights their potential use
in plant protection and supports the advancement of sustainable agricultural
practices.