Targeted volume imaging reveals early vascular interactions of Lyme disease pathogen in skin

TL;DR

This study uses advanced imaging to show how the Lyme disease bacteria spreads through the skin and into the lymphatic system.

Contribution

The study introduces an AI-driven microscopy workflow to visualize early vascular interactions of Borrelia burgdorferi in unprecedented detail.

Findings

Borrelia burgdorferi crosses the lymphatic endothelium via transcellular and paracellular routes.

The pathogen interacts with pericytes before entering blood vessels, suggesting a strategic dissemination mechanism.

Immune cells infiltrate the skin and interact with invading Borrelia burgdorferi.

Abstract

Although the contours of the dissemination pathways of human pathogenic spirochetes in the vertebrate hosts are known, detailed high-resolution information on these processes remain lacking. In this study, we establish an efficient serial block-face scanning electron microscopy workflow incorporating semi-automatic AI-driven segmentation to investigate the architecture of early events following the deposition of Borrelia burgdorferi at the tick bite site in mice. We capture evidence of Borrelia penetrating the lymphatic endothelium via both transcellular and paracellular routes and observe its early presence within the lumen of the lymphatic vessel. The multistep process of transcellular migration is documented in detail, showing sequential invagination and encasement of shorter Borrelia segments by the lymphatic endothelial cells during intravasation. Our findings reveal that the first contact of B. burgdorferi and blood vessels is not random but involves close interactions with pericytes. We also capture the infiltration of immune cells in the skin and their interactions with invading bacteria. Altogether, these observations suggest that Borrelia strategically targets vascular regions with lower mechanical resistance to breach the endothelial barrier, thereby enhancing its dissemination.

Authors utilise scanning electron microscopy to show that Borrelia burgdorferi initiates systemic vascular spread by targeting pericytes, while crossing of the lymphatic endothelium occurs via sequential encasement of the Lyme disease pathogen by endothelial cells.

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