# Visceral Leishmaniasis Mimicking Aggressive Lymphoma

## TL;DR

A 48-year-old man with symptoms resembling aggressive lymphoma was diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis after ruling out cancer.

## Contribution

The case emphasizes the importance of considering rare infections in differential diagnoses for febrile patients with travel histories.

## Key findings

- Visceral leishmaniasis was confirmed via PCR after lymphoma was ruled out.
- The patient responded well to treatment with liposomal amphotericin B.
- Travel history is critical for diagnosing rare infections mimicking cancer.

## Abstract

We present the case of a 48-year-old immunocompetent male who presented with B-symptoms, inflammatory syndrome, and splenomegaly suggestive of aggressive lymphoma. After a thorough diagnostic workup ruled out lymphoma, visceral leishmaniasis was suspected due to his travel history to a low-endemic area for Leishmania spp. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the diagnosis, and the patient was successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin B. This case highlights the importance of considering visceral leishmaniasis in febrile patients with relevant travel histories and the critical need for early diagnosis and treatment.