# Predictors of MRI-estimated brain iron deposition in dementia and Parkinson's disease-associated subcortical regions: Genetic and observational analysis in UK Biobank

## TL;DR

This study finds that certain diseases and traits like obesity and diabetes are linked to increased brain iron, which may contribute to dementia and Parkinson's disease.

## Contribution

The study identifies causal genetic links between diseases and brain iron levels, offering new insights into dementia and Parkinson's risk.

## Key findings

- Genetic evidence supports causal effects of depression and type-2 diabetes on increased brain iron.
- Osteoporosis is causally linked to lower brain iron in the substantia nigra.
- Adiposity and inflammatory proteins are associated with subcortical brain iron levels.

## Abstract

Brain iron in specific subcortical regions increases risk of dementia and Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic and environmental factors affect iron deposition, but underlying mechanisms are unclear.

Identify risk factors and diseases associated with brain iron; assess causality using genetics.

41,581 UK Biobank participants had MRI-estimated brain iron (QSM method) in five dementia or PD-associated subcortical regions (caudate, hippocampus, putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus). We investigated common risk factors (including adiposity, blood pressure, health behaviors, inflammation) and diseases observationally, using covariate-adjusted regression models, and genetically, with Mendelian randomization.

Participants diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, PD, or other diseases had higher MRI-estimated brain iron. Anemia, osteoporosis, and hyperparathyroidism were associated with lower brain iron. Higher body mass index and blood pressure, smoking history, and self-reported meat consumption, increased brain iron. Hematological parameters, inflammatory and kidney biomarkers, and calcium, were also associated. Genetics support causal effects of depression, type-2 diabetes, and 7 other diseases with increased iron, but not Alzheimer's disease. Evidence supports a causal effect of osteoporosis on lower iron in the substantia nigra. We found causal associations between adiposity and proteins (including IL-6 receptor and transferrin receptor) on subcortical brain iron.

We identified causal effects for liability to type-2 diabetes, depression, and other conditions, on subcortical MRI-estimated brain iron, but not to Alzheimer's disease, supportive of dementia as a consequence of brain iron deposition, not a cause. The role of adiposity reducing interventions on brain iron should be investigated. Relationships between brain iron, osteoporosis, calcium, and hyperparathyroidism warrant further investigation.