# Associations between chrono-nutrition and chronic kidney disease, urinary incontinence and kidney stones: a cross-sectional study

## TL;DR

This study finds that eating patterns like shorter eating windows and skipping meals are linked to higher risks of kidney and urinary issues.

## Contribution

Firstly explores the association between dietary rhythms and urinary health.

## Key findings

- Shorter eating window increases risk of chronic kidney disease, urinary incontinence, and kidney stones.
- Skipping breakfast is linked to higher odds of chronic kidney disease and urinary incontinence.
- Fewer meal frequencies are associated with increased odds of urinary incontinence.

## Abstract

Dietary timing rhythms may be closely associated with various diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationships between chrono-nutrition and chronic kidney disease (CKD), urinary incontinence, and kidney stones.

A total of 116,876 participants from 11 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2020) were included. Logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and restricted cubic splines were used to examine the relationships and verify the stability of the results.

We found that a shorter eating window was a risk factor for CKD (OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.17), urinary incontinence (OR: 1.11, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.20), and kidney stones (OR: 1.13, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.24). Fewer meal frequencies were associated with increased odds of urinary incontinence (twice a day: OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.18). Skipping breakfast was associated with a higher likelihood of CKD (OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.19) and urinary incontinence (OR: 1.12, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.23).

Our research indicated that shorter eating window, fewer meal frequencies, and skipping meals may be risk factors for urological diseases. Therefore, the potential risks of fasting regimens used for weight loss or diabetes management should be considered, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions.

•We firstly explored the association between dietary rhythms and urinary health.•Fasting may improve metabolism but not always be healthy.•Eating less but more often may be helpful for some kidney diseases.•Dietary strategies need to be adapted to the individual's constitution.•It is still recommended to maintain a normal three-meal-a-day eating rhythm.

We firstly explored the association between dietary rhythms and urinary health.

Fasting may improve metabolism but not always be healthy.

Eating less but more often may be helpful for some kidney diseases.

Dietary strategies need to be adapted to the individual's constitution.

It is still recommended to maintain a normal three-meal-a-day eating rhythm.