# Graphene nanomaterials: A new frontier in preventing respiratory fungal infections

## TL;DR

Graphene nanomaterials show promise in fighting respiratory fungal infections by triggering cell stress and reducing drug resistance.

## Contribution

This paper reviews the antifungal mechanisms of nano-graphene oxide and its potential in combating pulmonary fungal infections.

## Key findings

- Nano-graphene oxide induces reactive oxygen species in fungal cells, leading to cell death.
- It offers reduced drug doses and minimized side effects when administered as an inhaled dry powder.
- The role of nano-graphene oxide in biofilm formation related to lung infections is highlighted.

## Abstract

Nano-graphene oxide is a promising Candidate for therapeutic applications, particularly due to its notable antifungal and antibacterial properties, which stem from the unique
physicochemical characteristics of this innovative nanocarrier. Antifungal efficacy of nano-graphene oxide is increasingly attracting attention, particularly in light of the rising
resistance of pathogens to conventional drug therapies. Upon exposure to graphene oxide, fungal cells generate reactive oxygen species, a key indicator of cellular oxidative stress.
This mechanism accounts for the apoptotic-like cell death observed in the presence of graphene oxide. This nano-drug delivery system holds the potential to achieve therapeutic efficacy
at reduced doses, minimize side effects, enable controlled drug release, prolong circulation time, reduce toxicity, and enhance the stability of the nano-formulation, particularly
when administered as an inhaled dry powder. However, the factors influencing the antifungal activity of nano-graphene oxide and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.
This article aimed to review the anti-pathogenic properties of nano-graphene oxide, focusing on its antifungal mechanisms and its role in biofilm formation associated with pulmonary fungal infections.