# Prevalence, Intensity, and Risk Factors of Schistosoma mansoni and Other Intestinal Parasites: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Agricultural Communities of Lango Subregion, Uganda

## TL;DR

This study examines the spread and risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni and other intestinal parasites in rural Uganda, finding age and location as key contributors.

## Contribution

The study provides new local epidemiological data on schistosomiasis and intestinal parasites in the Lango subregion of Uganda.

## Key findings

- Schistosoma mansoni was the most prevalent parasite, affecting 21.2% of participants.
- Age and subcounty location were significant risk factors for S. mansoni infection.
- The study identified the need for targeted interventions to reduce infection rates in high-risk areas.

## Abstract

In developing countries such as Uganda, intestinal parasitic infections and schistosomiasis remain a serious threat to public health. Local epidemiological data are critical for the prevention and control of the disease. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasite infections among rural agricultural communities in the Lango subregion, northern Uganda.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in Lira city, Kole, and Lira district in the Lango subregion, northern Uganda, involving 438 participants aged between 5 and 85 years. Urine and stool samples were collected and examined for parasites using urine circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA), filtration methods, and the Odongo-Aginya technique. Information on sociodemographic factors and other predisposing factors to infections was obtained using questionnaires. Descriptive analyses using frequency and percentages were used to summarize the independent and dependent variables. Pearson's chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association between Schistosoma mansoni infections and risk factors.

The overall prevalence of parasitic infections using the Odongo-Aginya method was 120/438 (27.4%). S. mansoni was the dominant parasite with 93/438 (21.2%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%), Entamoeba complex (0.9%), hookworms (0.7%), and Entamoeba coli, Enterobius vermicularis, and Diphyllobothrium latum (0.5%), respectively, and Trichuris trichiura, Fasciola hepatica, Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Paragonimus westermani, and Trichostrongylus ova (0.2%). Schistosoma haematobium was not detected in the study. There were light, moderate, and heavy infections with S. mansoni among the participants with 66 (72%), 24 (26%), and 2 (2.2%), respectively. According to multivariable logistic regression analysis, participant age (AOR = 1.448, 95% CI: 1.207–1.737, p < 0.001) and subcounty location (AOR = 1.837, 95% CI: 1.274–2.650, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with S. mansoni infection.

The study reveals that S. mansoni infections are still highly prevalent in Lango subregion, with age and subcounty location as major risk factors. The findings highlight an ongoing public health challenge, particularly among high-risk age groups and in specific localities. Targeted interventions, such as sustained mass drug administration of at-risk population groups and locations, improved access to safe drinking water, and community health education, are essential to reduce infection rates and improve overall well-being in affected areas.