# Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among Lithuanian national defense volunteer forces

## TL;DR

This study found that most Lithuanian military volunteers experience low back pain, with risk factors including age, gender, stress, and poor health.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into LBP prevalence and risk factors specific to Lithuanian National Defense Volunteer Forces.

## Key findings

- Over 85% of participants reported lifetime low back pain.
- Female soldiers and older personnel had higher LBP prevalence.
- Stress, smoking, and higher BMI were linked to increased LBP risk.

## Abstract

Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder that imposes a significant burden on individuals and healthcare systems worldwide. Military personnel, including active and reserve forces, are particularly vulnerable to LBP due to the physically demanding nature of their duties, exposure to extreme conditions, and repetitive strain on the lower back. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of LBP and identify associated risk factors among members of the Lithuanian National Defense Volunteer Forces (LNDVF).

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 272 active-duty LNDVF personnel (221 males and 51 females). A structured questionnaire collected data on demographics, lifestyle habits, health history, and LBP occurrence. LBP prevalence was assessed based on self-reported instances: lifetime prevalence, 12-month prevalence, and pain at the time of the survey. The analysis explored associations between LBP and potential risk factors, including gender, age, marital status, smoking, body mass index (BMI), history of back injuries, stress levels, and self-perceived health status.

The lifetime prevalence of LBP was 85.3%, the 12-month prevalence was 81.6%, and 42.3% of participants reported experiencing LBP at the time of the survey. Female soldiers reported a higher prevalence of LBP than males. Older soldiers (≥ 33 years) and unmarried personnel had a greater likelihood of experiencing LBP. Smokers and individuals with a higher BMI exhibited an increased risk, likely due to biomechanical strain. Elevated stress levels were positively correlated with LBP prevalence, emphasizing the link between psychological and physical health. A history of back injuries significantly increased the odds of experiencing LBP. Soldiers who rated their health as poor or average were more likely to report LBP.

More than four-fifths of military personnel have experienced low back pain at least once in their lifetime and within the past 12 months, with nearly half reporting LBP at the time of the survey. Identified risk factors for LBP include female sex, older age, lack of a partner, previous back injuries, elevated stress levels, smoking, self-reported poor health, and higher body mass index. LBP significantly affects military readiness, impairing the ability to perform service tasks in approximately two-thirds of affected soldiers.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-025-09235-1.