# Therapeutic target of high fresh frozen plasma to red blood cell ratio in severe blunt trauma

## TL;DR

This study finds that high fresh frozen plasma to red blood cell transfusion ratios benefit trauma patients with specific conditions like low GCS and high lactate levels.

## Contribution

The study introduces a machine learning approach to identify subgroups of trauma patients who benefit most from high FFP-to-RBC ratios.

## Key findings

- A subgroup defined by lactate ≥4.5 mmol/L and GCS ≤12 showed a 13.3% mortality reduction with high-FFP transfusion.
- The overall cohort showed only a 3.3% mortality reduction with high-FFP transfusion.
- Machine learning identified lactate and GCS as key factors influencing treatment benefit.

## Abstract

To assess heterogeneous treatment effects of high fresh frozen plasma (FFP) to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion ratios in patients with severe blunt trauma and to identify subgroups that derive the greatest survival benefit.

This multicenter retrospective cohort study used data from the Japan Trauma Data Bank (2019–2023). Adults with severe blunt trauma (Injury Severity Score ≥ 16) who received transfusions were included. Patients were categorized into high-FFP (FFP:RBC > 1) and low-FFP (FFP:RBC ≤ 1) groups. A causal forest machine learning model was applied to a derivation cohort (2019–2021) to estimate conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) and identify subgroups with the highest predicted benefit. Findings were validated in a separate cohort (2022–2023).

Among 6,679 patients, in-hospital mortality was 23.3% in the derivation and 23.2% in the validation cohort. Causal forest analysis revealed lactate level and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score as key effect modifiers. A therapeutic target subgroup—defined as lactate ≥ 4.5 mmol/L and GCS ≤ 12—comprised 20.7% of the validation cohort. This subgroup showed a substantially greater mortality reduction with high-FFP transfusion (risk difference –13.3%, 95% CI –22.4 to –4.2%; number needed to treat [NNT] 7.5), compared with the overall cohort (risk difference –3.3%, 95% CI –6.7 to 0.5%; NNT 32.1). Results were consistent across sensitivity analyses.

High FFP-to-RBC transfusion ratios may confer the greatest benefit in patients with impaired consciousness and metabolic acidosis. Identifying high-benefit subgroups using machine learning could support more individualized transfusion strategies in trauma care.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-025-05678-z.