# Evaluation of Combined Use of Protein and Postbiotics Feed Supplements in Honey Beehives in Autumn and Spring

## TL;DR

This study evaluates combining protein and postbiotics in bee feed to improve hive health and productivity in autumn and spring.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is testing the combined use of protein and postbiotics in bee feed for improved hive health and productivity.

## Key findings

- Combined supplements reduced Varroa and Nosema infestations in autumn.
- In spring, the combination improved brood survival and honey yield while reducing Varroa infestation.

## Abstract

Feed supplementation in beehives is a commonly necessary practice in beekeeping today, to address the many risks the honey bees face, mainly the climate change and times of food scarcity, agricultural pesticides, or pathogens such as Varroa destructor or Nosema ceranae. Protein supplements and postbiotics products have been evaluated in beehives feed, obtaining improvements of the strength and sanitary status, but they have not been tested in combination. In this study, two experiences have been carried out in autumn and spring to check the potential beneficial effect of this combination in the beehives. Two monitoring were carried out, before and after 1 month of the application of products, in order to assess the strength (number of bees, amount of brood, brood survival, and pollen/honey reserves) and sanitary status (V. destructor and N. ceranae infestation levels) of the colonies. Firstly, the results obtained in autumn experience showed a reduction of both pathogens in supplemented group. On the other hand, in spring, the combination of protein and postbiotics enhanced the brood survival and honey yield, and decreased the V. destructor infestation. Thus, the combined use of protein and postbiotics as feed supplements could be an important tool to improve the sanitary status after the cold season, and to increase the strength and production of beehives in spring, unifying the benefits of both supplements.