# Social norms and security and justice services for gender-based violence survivors in Nepal: Programmatic implications from a mixed-methods assessment

## TL;DR

This study explores how social norms and service provision affect help-seeking for gender-based violence in Nepal, offering insights for improving support systems.

## Contribution

The study provides a mixed-methods analysis of social norms and service barriers for GBV survivors in Nepal, filling a research gap.

## Key findings

- GBV is perceived as common, with low formal help-seeking despite positive attitudes toward S&J providers.
- Injunctive norms discourage formal reporting, and sanctions for norm violations persist.
- Family- and community-based mediation remains preferred over formal services.

## Abstract

Gender-based violence (GBV) is highly prevalent throughout the world. Only a small fraction of survivors seek help from security and justice (S&J) providers such as the police or courts, due in part to social norms that discourage help-seeking. The prevention of GBV requires attention to both demand- and supply-side factors and programming is moving toward this integration, including in Nepal. However, little research exists at the nexus of these issues. To address this gap, we provide a comprehensive mixed-methods situation analysis of GBV-related social norms, help-seeking, and S&J service provision.

Data included a household survey (N = 3830), a sub-study of youth (N = 143) and married adults (N = 464) in one site and qualitative data collection including interviews with S&J service providers, help-seeking GBV survivors and families (N = 68), and focus group discussions with police, youth groups, and school management committees (N = 20) in four sites. Descriptive analysis of survey data was triangulated with findings from a modified grounded theory analysis of the qualitative data to elucidate the role of social norms and other barriers limiting help-seeking.

GBV was perceived to be common, especially child marriage, domestic violence, eve-teasing, and dowry-related violence. Formal help-seeking was low, despite positive attitudes towards S&J providers. Participants described injunctive norms discouraging formal reporting in cases of GBV and sanctions for women violating these norms.

Norms favoring family- and community-based mediation remain strong. Sanctions for formal reporting remain a deterrent to help-seeking. Leveraging gender-equitable role models, such as female S&J providers, and connecting S&J providers to women and youth may capitalize on existing shifts.