# Assessment of digital payment for agents in mass chemoprevention campaigns: The Karangué Fay project in Senegal

## TL;DR

This study in Senegal found that digital payments for health workers during malaria prevention campaigns improved security, speed, and transparency compared to cash.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel quasi-experimental design to assess digital payment systems in low-resource health campaigns, highlighting their impact on agent engagement and performance.

## Key findings

- Digital payments were perceived as secure (82.5%), reliable (83.1%), and faster than cash (p < 0.001).
- Digital payments improved transparency (91.3%) and confidentiality (95.2%) in health worker compensation.
- Digital payments strengthened campaign coverage and health system efficiency in low-resource settings.

## Abstract

The payment of healthcare agents is a critical component of organizing mass health campaigns. This study examined the effects of digital payments during seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) campaigns in Senegal. A quasi-experimental three-arm before–after/here–elsewhere design was implemented between March and June 2023: mandatory digital payment in Kounkané, voluntary in Koussanar, and cash-based control in Bantaco. Mixed methods were employed, and ethical approval was granted by Senegal’s National Ethics Committee (CNERS). A total of 299 agents participated, with 181 surveyed before and 118 after the intervention. Participants were distributed across Kounkané (48.8%), Koussanar (35.8%), and Bantaco (15.4%). Community health workers comprised the majority (90.9%). Median age was 32 years, with a median tenure of three years; 50.8% were male and 65.2% married. All agents owned at least one mobile money account, with Wave (96%) and Orange Money (90%) being the most common. Reliability criteria included security (95%), ease of use (90.3%), and cash availability (79.2%). Karangué Fay digital payments were perceived as secure (82.4%), reliable (83.1%), faster (78.2%), transparent (91.3%), and confidential (95.2%). Compared to cash, digital payments were significantly preferred for transaction security, speed, and usability (p < 0.001). Qualitative interviews highlighted traceability, transparency, and efficiency but noted limitations linked to internet connectivity. Digital payments were highly acceptable to SMC agents, improving engagement and performance. They also contributed to better campaign coverage across different implementation phases, underscoring their potential to strengthen health systems in low-resource settings.

Timely and transparent payment of healthcare agents is critical for mass health campaigns. This study assessed the effects of digital payments during seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) campaigns in Senegal. A quasi-experimental three-arm before–after/here–elsewhere design was implemented from March to June 2023, covering a mandatory digital payment zone (Kounkané), a voluntary zone (Koussanar), and a control zone without digital payment (Bantaco). Mixed methods were employed, and ethical approval was obtained from Senegal’s National Ethics Committee (CNERS). A total of 299 agents participated, with 181 surveyed before and 118 after the intervention. Most were community health workers (90.9%), median age 32 years, with a median tenure of three years; all owned at least one mobile money account. Orange Money (90%) and Wave (96%) were most frequently used. Key criteria for selecting an operator included security (95%), ease of use (90.3%), and cash availability (79.2%). Agents widely perceived digital payments as secure (82.5%), reliable (83.1%), transparent (91.3%), and confidential (95.2%), offering faster transactions compared to cash (p < 0.001). Qualitative findings underscored benefits of traceability and efficiency, though dependent on internet stability. Digital payments demonstrated high acceptability, strengthening agent engagement, improving transparency, and supporting effective SMC campaign delivery.