# Augmented Reality Physical Ergonomics (ARPE) Training for Manual Material Handling Workers: A Protocol for a Quasi-experimental Study

## TL;DR

This study introduces an augmented reality training module to improve ergonomic knowledge and reduce musculoskeletal risks among manual material handling workers.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is the development and evaluation of an AR-based ergonomic training module for manual workers.

## Key findings

- The ARPE module will be tested for its impact on ergonomic knowledge, self-prevention behaviors, and self-evaluation.
- Usability of the ARPE app will be assessed using a validated mHealth questionnaire.
- Results may inform the use of AR as a scalable occupational health training tool.

## Abstract

Introduction: Manual material handling (MMH) workers are at an increased risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) due to the physically demanding nature of their tasks. Traditional ergonomic training methods often fail to engage learners effectively. This protocol describes an Augmented Reality Physical Ergonomics (ARPE) training module that aims to enhance ergonomic knowledge, supports worker self-assessment, and encourages preventive practices through an immersive, interactive learning experience.

Methods: The ARPE module was developed with a literature review, expert input, and pilot usability testing and is delivered via a mobile XR app featuring 3D task simulations and ergonomic demonstrations. We will conduct a two-arm, six-week quasi-experimental study in manufacturing settings (n=78 MMH workers; 1:1 ARPE vs. standard Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) training). Outcomes will be measured at baseline, immediately post-training, and at six weeks. The primary outcome is ergonomic knowledge; secondary outcomes are self-prevention behaviors and self-evaluation. Group differences across time will be evaluated using repeated-measures methods. A separate usability assessment of the ARPE app employed a validated mHealth usability questionnaire in an independent worker sample.

Results: As this is a study protocol, results are not yet available. The study is designed to assess changes in ergonomic knowledge (primary outcome) and self-prevention behaviors and self-evaluation (secondary outcomes). Data collection and analysis are planned through November 2025.

Ethics and trial registration: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) (approval number: REC/11/2024 (PG/MR/550)) and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (US National Library of Medicine) under the identifier NCT06993298.

Conclusion: This protocol describes an augmented reality (AR)-based ergonomic training module (ARPE) that aims to provide an innovative, expert-validated, immersive approach to training. The study will evaluate effects on ergonomic knowledge (primary), self-prevention behaviors, and self-evaluation among MMH workers. Findings may support the use of AR as a scalable occupational health training tool and may inform strategies to reduce work-related musculoskeletal risk.