# Validation of Novel Stride Length Model-Based Approaches to Estimate Distance Covered Based on Acceleration and Pressure Data During Walking

## TL;DR

This study validates two new methods using smart insoles to accurately estimate walking distance based on acceleration and pressure data.

## Contribution

The paper introduces and validates two novel stride length model-based approaches for distance estimation using smart insole data.

## Key findings

- Approach 1 achieved median total distance estimation accuracies of 98.92% for the right side and 98.69% for the left side.
- Approach 2 showed average total distance estimation accuracies of 98.95% for the right side and 99.03% for the left side.
- No statistically significant difference was found between the actual distance and the estimated distances using the two approaches.

## Abstract

The ability to walk is essential in daily life, making walking outcomes key measures in clinical practice. This study aims to develop and validate two novel stride length model-based approaches for total distance estimation using a smart insole. Eight participants wore a pair of smart insoles. For a period of six minutes, each participant walked back and forth on a predefined 20 m pathway, and the numbers of round trips and strides taken were counted. Two stride length estimation approaches based on the director coefficients of acceleration data (Approach 1) and dynamic time warping (Approach 2) using smart insoles were used. The median accuracies of the total distance using Approach 1 are 98.92% [1.24%] (ICC = 0.992) and 98.69% [2.44%] (ICC = 0.994) for the right and left sides, respectively. For Approach 2, the average accuracies are 98.95% [0.18%] (ICC = 0.996) for the right side and 99.03% [0.14%] (ICC = 0.991) for the left side. The Mann–Whitney U test shows no statistically significant difference between the actual distance and smart insole for the total distance covered. Furthermore, there is no statistically significant difference between Approach 1 and Approach 2 for stride length. Although the sample size was small, the estimated total distance using the novel model-based algorithms appears to be accurate in comparison to the actual total distance.