# Advanced Polyamidoamine Hydrogels for the Selective Cleaning of Artifacts in Heritage Conservation

## TL;DR

Researchers developed a new hydrogel material for selectively cleaning historical artifacts without damaging them.

## Contribution

A novel polyamidoamine hydrogel and its composite with montmorillonite were created for selective cleaning in heritage conservation.

## Key findings

- The hydrogel H-M-GLY/MMT absorbed less water and was tougher due to montmorillonite interactions.
- Both hydrogels showed no ink bleeding or fragment release during testing on historical papers.
- H-M-GLY/MMT effectively removed wax and dark stains from artifacts using an ethanol/water solution.

## Abstract

A polyamidoamine-based hydrogel (H-M-GLY) and its montmorillonite-based composite (H-M-GLY/MMT) were studied as selective cleaning materials for cultural heritage conservation. H-M-GLY was synthesized from a glycine-based polyamidoamine oligomer with acrylamide terminals (M-GLY) through radical polymerization at pH 7.3 and had a basic character. The M-GLY oligomer was in turn synthesized from N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and glycine in a 1:0.85 molar ratio. H-M-GLY/MMT was obtained by cross-linking a 1:0.1—weight ratio—M-GLY/MMT mixture at pH 4.0, to promote polyamidoamine-MMT interaction. The composite hydrogel absorbed less water than the plain hydrogel and proved tougher, due to montmorillonite’s electrostatic interactions with the positively charged M-GLY units. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that MMT was uniformly dispersed throughout the hydrogel. Both hydrogels were subjected to ink bleeding tests on papers written with either iron gall or India ink. Microscopic observation revealed neither bleeding nor release of hydrogel fragments. Being basic, H-M-GLY successfully deacidified the surface of aged paper. H-M-GLY/MMT, swollen in a 1:9 ethanol/water solution, was found to be effective in removing wax, known to trap carbonaceous particles and form dark stains on artistic artifacts. This study demonstrates the great potential of polyamidoamine-based hydrogels as versatile selective cleaning systems for cellulosic and other cultural heritage materials.